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1-Hydroxypyrene
1-Hydroxypyrene is a human metabolite. It can be found in urine of outdoor workers exposed to air pollution.〔Is urinary 1-hydroxypyrene a valid biomarker for exposure to air pollution in outdoor workers? A meta-analysis. Manuela Ciarrocca, Maria Valeria Rosati, Francesco Tomei, Assuntina Capozzella, Giorgia Andreozzi, Gianfranco Tomei, Alessandro Bacaloni, Teodorico Casale, Jean Claude Andrè, Mario Fioravanti, Maria Fernanda Cuartas and Tiziana Caciari, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 24, 17-26 (January/February 2014), 〕
Experiments in pig show that urinary 1-hydroxypyrene is a metabolite of pyrene, when given orally.〔Identification of 1-hydroxypyrene as a major metabolite of pyrene in pig urine. S. D. Keimig, K. W. Kirby, D. P. Morgan, J. E. Keiser, and T. D. Hubert, Xenobiotica, 1983, Vol. 13, No. 7 , Pages 415-420, 〕
== Relationship with smoking ==
Highly significant differences and dose-response relationships with regard to cigarettes smoked per day were found for 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene, but not for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene.〔Urinary monohydroxylated phenanthrenes and hydroxypyrene – the effects of smoking habits and changes induced by smoking on monooxygenase-mediated metabolism. Heudorf U and Angerer J, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, April 2001, Volume 74, Issue 3, pages 177-183, 〕
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