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|Section2= |Section3= }} MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) is a positively charged molecule with chemical formula C12H12N+. It is toxic and acts by interfering with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by inhibiting complex I, leading to the depletion of ATP and cell death.〔(PubChem Compound entry on MPP+ )〕 It also inhibits the synthesis of catecholamines, reduces levels of dopamine and cardiac norepinephrine, and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase.〔 The neurotoxin MPTP is converted in the brain into MPP+ by the enzyme MAO-B, causing parkinsonism in primates by killing certain dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. MPP+-induced neurodegeneration is specific to dopamine neurons and can be prevented by drug treatment or by limiting the function of the dopamine transporter. The chloride salt of MPP+ has been used as a herbicide under the trade name cyperquat and is structurally similar to the herbicide paraquat. In a rat model of Parkinson's disease, nobiletin, a flavonoid found in citrus, can rescue dopaminergic neurons from degeneration caused by treatment with MPP+. == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「MPP+」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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