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The 1981 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1981, and lasted until November 30, 1981. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The 1981 season was high in activity with 18 tropical depressions and twelve storms forming during the year. Nine of these systems made landfall. Cindy, Harvey, and Irene neither affected land directly nor indirectly. Hurricane Dennis caused millions of dollars in damage in Dade County, Florida and produced the highest rainfall totals of any tropical cyclone this season. Tropical Depression Eight caused the most damage, due to flooding in Texas at the end of August, and led to most fatalities of any tropical cyclone this season (five). Tropical Depressions Two and Eight caused a majority of the damage and fatalities this season, with both affecting Louisiana and Texas. Katrina was the only named storm with associated fatalities.〔Miles B. Lawrence. (Preliminary Report Hurricane Katrina: 3 – November 7, 1981. ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008.〕 ==Seasonal activity== The 1981 season was high in activity with eighteen tropical depressions and twelve storms forming that year. The season began early, as Tropical Storm Arlene formed on May 6. Arlene made landfall in Cuba, being absorbed by a low later. Tropical Depression Two moved out of the Gulf of Mexico into eastern Texas on June 5, producing localized rainfall amounts of and numerous tornadoes over Louisiana before recurving across the Southeast United States. Tropical Storm Bret formed as a subtropical low in the open Atlantic Ocean, and made landfall in the Delmarva Peninsula. Tropical Depression Four formed in the Gulf of Mexico on July 25, moving into Mexico the next day, and causing heavy rains in west Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas when its remnants moved into the United States. Tropical Storm Cindy formed on August 2 in the open Atlantic and became an extratropical cyclone on August 5.〔John Hope. (Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Cindy: 2 – August 5, 1981. ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008〕 Hurricane Dennis formed on August 7 near South America. Dennis degenerated into a depression while making landfall in the Leeward Islands, but regained storm strength while over Cuba. Dennis moved near the southeast United States coastline from Florida to Virginia, briefly becoming a hurricane. Dennis weakened into a tropical storm and was declared an extratropical cyclone on August 22.〔David M. Roth. (Hurricane Dennis – August 15–20, 1981. ) Retrieved on May 12, 2008.〕 Tropical Depression Seven formed in mid-August and tracked through the Windward Islands before dissipating in the eastern Caribbean Sea.〔United Press International. (Dennis Could Still Become a Hurricane. ) Retrieved on May 18, 2008.〕〔United Press International. (Tropical Depression Fizzles. ) Retrieved on May 18, 2008.〕 Tropical Depression Eight led to a significant flooding event between San Antonio and Houston on August 30 and August 31 while recurving through Texas into Louisiana.〔David M. Roth. (Tropical Depression Eight – August 27 – September 1, 1981. ) Retrieved on May 12, 2008.〕 Hurricane Emily formed on September 1 southeast of Bermuda. Emily made a cyclonic loop as a tropical storm. Emily strengthened into a hurricane out in the North Atlantic Ocean and by September 12, was no longer identifiable.〔Gil Clark. (Preliminary Report Hurricane Emily: August 31 – September 11. ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008.〕 Hurricane Floyd was a Category 3 hurricane that grazed Bermuda, but no damage was reported. Hurricane Gert formed September 8, strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane, and followed the same track as Floyd, dissipating near the Azores.〔David M. Roth. (Tropical Storm Gert – September 7–9, 1981. ) Retrieved on May 12, 2008.〕〔Miles B. Lawrence. (Preliminary Report Hurricane Gert: 07 – September 15, 1981. Page 1. ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008.〕〔Miles B. Lawrence. (Preliminary Report Hurricane Gert: 07 – September 15, 1981. Page 2. ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008.〕 Hurricane Harvey became the strongest storm of the season, reaching Category 4 strength. Harvey never affected land, but ships reported tropical storm-force winds.〔John Hope. (Preliminary Report Hurricane Harvey: 11 – September 19, 1981. ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008.〕 Tropical Depression Thirteen brought gusts of tropical storm force to Bermuda in mid-to-late September.〔Associated Press. (Irene expected to become hurricane. ) Retrieved on May 16, 2008.〕 Hurricane Irene also stayed out at sea, reaching Category 3 strength and was extratropical in early October. The extratropical Irene made landfall in France.〔National Hurricane Center. (Preliminary Report Hurricane Irene: September 21 – October 3, 1981. ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008.〕 Tropical Depression Fifteen was small and well-organized as it crossed the tropical Atlantic before weakening as it moved through the northeast Caribbean and southwest North Atlantic during late September and early October.〔Associated Press. (110 MPH Winds Whip Up Atlantic. ) Retrieved on May 18, 2008.〕〔United Press International. (Hurricane, Depression Pack Little Punch. ) Retrieved on May 18, 2008.〕 Tropical Storm Jose was a short-lived storm forming out in the open Atlantic in late October. Jose never affected land and dissipated on November 1 near the Azores.〔Miles B. Lawrence. (Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Jose: October 29 – November 1, 1981. ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008.〕 Hurricane Katrina formed in the Caribbean Sea, and made landfall in Cuba after reaching hurricane strength. Katrina was the only named storm with fatalities.〔 The final storm of the season, Subtropical Storm Three, formed in the Atlantic Ocean on November 12 and moved north, making landfall in Nova Scotia and becoming extratropical soon after.〔Miles B. Lawrence. (Preliminary Report Subtropical Storm (Number Two?). ) Retrieved on May 17, 2008.〕 The season's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 100, which is classified as "near normal". ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Although officially, subtropical cyclones are excluded from the total, the figure above includes periods when storms were in a subtropical phase. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1981 Atlantic hurricane season」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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