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20-N is a symbolic abbreviation used to denote the date of death of two of the best known and controversial figures in 20th-century Spanish history. The first date, 20 November 1936, near the end of the first year of the Spanish Civil War, marks the execution in Alicante of 33-year-old José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of the nationalist party, Falange Española (Phalanx ), who became extolled as a cult figure during the years of post-Civil War Estado Español (State ) led by Francisco Franco. In a startling coincidence, the same day also proved to be fatal to Primo de Rivera's political opposite, 40-year-old Buenaventura Durruti, a key leader of Spain's two largest anarchist organizations, Federación Anarquista Ibérica (Anarchist Federation ) and the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (Confederation of Labor ). Durruti's death occurred, according to his chauffeur, in the midst of distant gunfire in Madrid. The second date, 39 years later, is 20 November 1975, when Generalissimo Franco himself - aged 82, and having ruled Spain for close to four decades as its ''caudillo'' (Spanish for leader) - died following a lengthy illness. The date continues to be commemorated by far-right groups which mark it by organizing public demonstrations. The Spanish general election on November 20, 2011 coincided with the 75th anniversary of de Rivera's execution. == References == * Payne, Stanley G. (1961) ''Falange. A History of Spanish Fascism''. Stanford University Press. * Thomas, Hugh. "The Hero in the Empty Room: Jose Antonio and Spanish Fascism," ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (1966) 1#1 pp. 174–182 (in JSTOR ) * Velarde Fuertes, Juan. "José Antonio y la economía" Grafite ediciones. ISBN 84-96281-10-8 *Hugh Thomas ''The Spanish Civil War''. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books Ltd., 1965. *Emma Goldman ''(Durruti is Dead, Yet Living )'' (1936). *Antony Beevor ''The Spanish Civil War'' (1982). *Abel Paz ''Durruti in the Spanish Revolution'', Translated by Chuck W. Morse, AK Press, 2007. ISBN 1-904859-50-X. *Pedro de Paz ''(The Man Who Killed Durruti )'' Read and Noir (2005). *Hans Magnus Enzensberger ''The Short Summer of Anarchy: Life and Death of Buenaventura Durruti'' (1972) (originally: ''Der kurze Sommer der Anarchie: Buenaventura Durrutis Leben und Tod''). *Collective work ''Buenaventura Durruti'', a double CD () nato, (1996). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「20-N」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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