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3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43
The 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43 was a series of anti-aircraft cannon produced by Nazi Germany that saw widespread service in the Second World War. The cannon was fully automatic and effective against aircraft flying at altitudes up to 4,200 m.〔Hogg, ''German Artillery of World War Two''〕 The cannon was produced in both towed and self-propelled versions. Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support roles as well; 37 mm caliber guns were no exception to that. With Germany's defeat, production ceased and, overall, 37 mm caliber anti-aircraft cannon fell into gradual disuse, being replaced by the Bofors 40 mm gun and later, by 35-mm anti-aircraft pieces produced in Switzerland.
==Development==
The original 37 mm gun was developed by Rheinmetall in 1935 as the 3.7 cm Flak 18. It had a barrel length of 57 calibers (hence the additional designation L/57), which allowed effective ceiling.〔 The armour penetration was considerable when using dedicated〔''PzGr. 18'' cast iron armour piercing high explosive ammunition.〕 ammunition, at 100 m distance it could penetrate 36 mm of a 60°-sloped armour, and at 800 m distance correspondingly 24 mm.〔 It used a mechanical bolt for automatic fire, featuring a practical rate of fire of about 80 rounds per minute (rpm). The gun, when emplaced for combat, weighed , and complete for transport, including the wheeled mount, .
The Flak 18 was only produced in small numbers, and production had already ended in 1936. Development continued, focusing on replacement of the existing cumbersome dual-axle mount with a lighter single-axle one, resulting in a 3.7 cm Flak 36 that cut the complete weight to in combat and in transport.〔 The gun's ballistic characteristics were not changed, although the practical rate of fire was raised to 120 rpm (250 rpm theoretical).〔 A new, simplified sighting system introduced the next year produced the otherwise-identical 3.7 cm Flak 37.〔 The Flak 37 was known as 37 ITK 37 in Finland.
The Flak 36/37 were the most-produced variants of the weapon.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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