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ALECSAT
ALECSAT (Autologous Lymphoid Effector Cells Specific Against Tumor cells) technology is a novel method of epigenetic cancer immunotherapy being used by the company CytoVac. It uses a patient's own immune system to target tumor cells in prostate cancer, glioblastomas, and potentially pancreatic cancer. ALECSAT research, directed by Alexei Kirken and Karine Dzhandzhugazyan, has led to several clinical trials.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cytovac.dk/default.aspx?pageId=4 )〕
== Method ==
Blood samples containing the required precursors for CD4+ helper T-cell, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell, and natural killer (NK) cell are extracted from the patient and activated before being re-administered to the patient to induce anti-tumor activity.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cytovac.dk/ )〕 These cells are activated in a process called “in vitro immunization”, which allows for selection and expansion of T-cells of varying specificity and has been validated in patients with advanced melanoma skin cancer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cytovac.dk/default.aspx?pageId=3 )〕
In order to have efficient eradication of cancer cells, the immune system cells should be able to both populate in the secondary lymphoid organs for a long-lasting effect and target a shared variety of tumor cells as opposed to one, specific cancer cell. In the ALECSAT method, several different cells are activated to accomplish this. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are activated to target the cells that present proteins characteristic of tumor cells〔.〕 Some tumor cells, however, do not present an antigen due to lack of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and therefore cannot be recognized by the CTLs. The cells that do not present an antigen are targeted by activated NK cells, leaving little opportunity for any cancer cells to escape. CTLs and NK cells are both effector cells so helper T-cells (Th) are also prepared in order to create memory cells for long term resistance toward tumor cells. T helper 1 (TH1) cells, when injected with overexpressed tumor antigens, have been shown to enhance migration of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) into the draining lymph node in mice, further enhancing immune response through activation of CTLs.
Tumor antigens are typically cancer/testis antigens. Chemically inducing this antigen in T-cells by DNA demethylation allows the immune system to recognize a wide range of tumors. This method of activation may be used for the preparation of anti-tumor vaccines or for ex vivo activation of the cytotoxic T-cells which can then be followed by the expansion of T-cells through normal, mature dendritic cells. The latter method is utilized for ALECSAT to treat cancer by adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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