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ATPase
ATPases (, ''adenylpyrophosphatase'', ''ATP monophosphatase'', ''triphosphatase'', ''SV40 T-antigen'', ''adenosine 5'-triphosphatase'', ''ATP hydrolase'', ''complex V (mitochondrial electron transport)'', ''(Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase'', ''HCO3−-ATPase'', ''adenosine triphosphatase'') are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion. This dephosphorylation reaction releases energy, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reactions that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life.
Some such enzymes are integral membrane proteins (anchored within biological membranes), and move solutes across the membrane, typically against their concentration gradient. These are called ''transmembrane ATPases''.
==Functions==
Transmembrane ATPases import many of the metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes. An important example is the sodium-potassium exchanger (or Na+/K+ATPase) that maintains the cell membrane potential. And another example is the hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ATPase or gastric proton pump) that acidifies the contents of the stomach.
Besides exchangers, other categories of transmembrane ATPase include co-transporters and pumps (however, some exchangers are also pumps). Some of these, like the Na+/K+ATPase, cause a net flow of charge, but others do not. These are called "electrogenic" and "nonelectrogenic" transporters, respectively.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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