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Kingdom of Abkhazia
The Kingdom of Abkhazia ((グルジア語:აფხაზეთის სამეფო); ''Aphkhazetis Samepo''), also known as the Kingdom of the Abkhazes (აფხაზთა სამეფო) refers to an early medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which lasted from the 780s until being united, through dynastic succession, with the Kingdom of Georgia (see Tao-Klarjeti) in 1008.
== Historiographical conundrum ==
Writing the kingdom’s primary history was dominated by Georgian and Byzantine sources supported by modern epigraphic and archaeological records.
The problem of the Abkhazian Kingdom, particularly the questions of the nature of its ruling family and its ethnic composition, is a major point of controversy between modern Georgian and Abkhaz scholars. This can be largely explained by the scarcity of primary sources on these issues. Most Abkhaz historians claim the kingdom was formed as a result of the consolidation of the early Abkhaz tribes that enabled them to extend their dominance over the neighboring areas. This is objected to on the side of the Georgian historians, some of them claiming that the kingdom was completely Georgian.
Most international scholars agree that it is extremely difficult to judge the ethnic identity of the various population segments〔Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law et al., pages 56-58.〕 due primarily to the fact that the terms "Abkhazia" and "Abkhazians" were used in a broad sense during this period—and for some while later—and covered, for all practical purposes, all the population of the kingdom, comprising both the Georgian (including also Mingrelians, Laz, and Svans with their distinct languages that are sisters to Georgian) and possible modern Abkhaz (Abasgoi, Apsilae, and Zygii) peoples.〔Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law et al., pages 56-58; ''Abkhaz'' by W. Barthold V. Minorsky in the Encyclopaedia of Islam.〕 It seems likely that a significant (if not predominant) proportion of the Georgian-speaking population, combined with a drive of the Abkhazian kings to throw off the Byzantine political and cultural dominance, resulted in Georgian replacing Greek as the language of literacy and culture.〔Alexei Zverev, ''Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus''; Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law et al., pages 56-58; ''Abkhaz'' by W. Barthold (Minorsky ) in the Encyclopaedia of Islam; ''The Georgian-Abkhaz State'' (summary), by George Anchabadze, in: Paul Garb, Arda Inal-Ipa, Paata Zakareishvili, editors, Aspects of the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict: Cultural Continuity in the Context of Statebuilding, Volume 5, August 26–28, 2000.〕
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