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:''Note: "Abecedar" is also the name of the primer (1st grade school book) in Romanian.'' The ''Abecedar'' was a school book first published in Athens, Greece in 1925. The book became the subject of controversy with Bulgaria and Serbia when cited by Greece as proof it had fulfilled its international obligations towards its Slavic-speaking minority, because it had been printed in the Latin alphabet rather than the Cyrillic used by the Slavic languages of the southern Balkans. The book was initially published for the Slavic Macedonians in the Lerin dialect,〔("Who are the Macedonians", Hugh Poulton, p. 88 )〕 and today it is published in Standard Macedonian, Standard Greek and Standard English. ==First printing and controversy== Following the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913, the southern part of the so-called historic region of Macedonia was annexed to the Kingdom of Greece, which at that time it consisted a 10% Bulgarian (Slavic) minority〔A. Angelopoulos, ''Population Distribution of Greece Today according to Language, National Consciousness and Religion'', Balkan Studies, 20 (1979), pp.123-132, "When Greek Macedonia was liberated in 1913 43% of the population was Greek, 40% Moslem and 10% Bulgarian"〕 of the region, consisting of 10% of the total population, into the Greek state. Under the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, Greece opened schools for minority-language children, and in September 1924 Greece agreed to a protocol with Bulgaria to place its Slavic-speaking minority under the protection of the League of Nations. However, the Greek parliament refused to ratify the protocol due to objections from Serbia, considering the Slavic-speakers to be Serbs rather than Bulgarians, and from Greeks who considered the Slavic-speakers to be Slavicized Greeks rather than ethnic Slavs.〔Danforth, Loring M. ''The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World'', p. 70. Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-691-04356-6〕 Vasilis Dendramis, the Greek representative in the League of the Nations, stated that Macedonian Slav language was neither Bulgarian, nor Serbian, but an independent language.〔 The Greek government went ahead with the publication in May 1925 of the ''Abecedar'', described by contemporary Greek writers as a primer for "the children of Slav speakers in Greece ... printed in the Latin script and compiled in the Macedonian dialect." 〔Andonovski, Hristo. "The First Macedonian Primer between the Two World Wars - The Abecedar". ''Macedonian Review''. 6:64-69〕 The book was commissioned by the Department for the Education of Foreign-Speakers in the Greek Ministry of Education. It was submitted by the Greek government to the League of Nations to support its assertion that it fulfilled obligations towards the Slavic-speaking minority.〔 The book's publication sparked controversy in Greek Macedonia, along with Bulgaria and Serbia. The Bulgarians and Serbs objected to the book being printed in Latin alphabet, despite the Bulgarian and Serbian languages being written predominately in the Cyrillic alphabet. The Bulgarian representative to the League of Nations criticized it as "incomprehensible."〔Poulton, Hugh. ''Who are the Macedonians?'', pp. 88-89. C. Hurst & Co, 2000. ISBN 1-85065-534-0〕 Although some books reached villages in Greek Macedonia, it was never used in their schools. In one village, threats by local police led to residents throwing their copies into a lake.〔 In January 1926, the region of Florina saw extensive protests by Greek and pro-Greek Slavic speakers campaigning against the primer's publication, demanding the government change their policies on minority education.〔Roudometof, Victor. ''Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question'', p. 102. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0-275-97648-3〕 Professor Loring Danforth argues the ''Abecedar'' was printed in the Latin alphabet "precisely to ensure that it would be rejected by all parties concerned" so "it would not contribute to the development of ties between the Slavic-speaking people of northern Greece and either Serbia or Bulgaria." The Republic of Macedonia argues it demonstrated a separate Macedonian language and people existed in northern Greece in 1925, and the Greek government recognized it as such.〔 Bulgarian authors indicate that this textbook was printed in order to mislead the international organizations that the educational rights of the Bulgarians in Greece are respected - in the moment when the Council of the League of Nations treated the question about protection of the Bulgarian minority in Greece.〔Даскалов, Георги. Българите в Егейска Македония, София 1996, p. 168-169 - Georgi Daskalov, The Bulgarians in Aegean Macedonia - myth or reality; Historical-Demographic research (1900-1990 г.), Macedonian Scientific Institute, Sofia, 1996, ISBN 954-8187-27-2, pp.168-169, (Кочев, Иван. За така наречения "помашки език" в Гърция, Македонски Преглед, г. ХІХ, 1996, кн. 4, с. 54 (Professor Kochev, Ivan. About so-called Pomakian language in Greece, Macedonian review, 1996, vol. 4, p. 54) )〕 According to Victor Roudometof, the incident led to significant change in the Greek government's stance toward Slavic-speaking citizens. Henceforth, they were deemed to be neither Serbs nor Bulgarians, and their difference was regarded as solely linguistic, not ethnic or political.〔 The first scientific review of Abecedar was made in 1925 by professor Lyubomir Miletich who treated this schoolbook as an attempt to create new, latin, alphabet for Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia.〔Милетич, Любомир. Нова латинска писменост за македонските българи под Гърция. - Македонски преглед, С., 1925, г. I, кн. 5 и 6, с. 229-233. (Miletich, Lyubomir. New latin alphabet for Macedonian Bulgarians under Greece, Macedonian review, 1925, vol. 5-6, pp. 229-233)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abecedar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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