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}} | }} | }} }} |common_name = Abkhazia |national_motto = |national_anthem = ' |image_flag = Flag of Abkhazia.svg |image_coat = Abkhazia COA.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Europe location ABX.png |map_caption = Map centered on the Caucasus indicating Abkhazia (orange) and Georgia proper (grey). |capital = Sukhumi |latd=43 |latm=00 |latNS=N |longd=40 |longm=59 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |official_languages = |languages_type = Spoken languages |languages = |demonym = |government_type = Unitary semi-presidential republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Raul Khajimba |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Artur Mikvabia |legislature = People's Assembly (de facto) |sovereignty_type = |established_event1 = Georgian annulment of all Soviet-era laws and treaties |established_date1 = 20 June 1990 |established_event2 = Declaration of sovereigntyb |established_date2 = 25 August 1990 |established_event3 = Georgian declaration of independence |established_date3 = 9 April 1991 |established_event4 = Dissolution of Soviet Union |established_date4 = 26 December 1991 |established_event5 = Declaration of Independence |established_date5 = 23 July 1992 |established_event6 = Constitution |established_date6 = 26 November 1994 |established_event7 = Constitutional referendum |established_date7 = 3 October 1999 |established_event8 = Act of state independencec |established_date8 = 12 October 1999 |established_event9 = |established_date9 = 26 August 2008 |area_km2 = 8,660 |area_sq_mi = 3,344 |area_rank = |area_magnitude = |population_census = 240,705 |population_census_year = 2011 |population_estimate = 242,862 |population_estimate_year = 2012 |population_density_km2 = 28 |population_density_sq_mi = 72 |population_density_rank = |GDP_nominal = $500 million |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = |Gini_change = |Gini = |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_change = |HDI = |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = |currency = |currency_code = RUB |time_zone = MSK |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = right |calling_code = +7 840940 and +995 44〔(2011 - national renumbering for Georgia )〕 |footnote_a = The Russian language is recognised as a language of state and other institutions (Article 6 of the Constitution) and is widely used. |footnote_b = Annulled by Georgia immediately thereafter. |footnote_c = To establish, retroactively, ''de jure'' independence since the 1992–1993 war. |footnote_d = By Russia. Since then, a further 5 UN member states have also recognised Abkhazia's independence. |footnote_e = ''De facto'' currency. Several Abkhazian apsar commemorative coins have been issued. The apsar is on a fixed exchange rate, pegged to the Russian ruble (1 ruble = 0.10 apsar). |iso3166code=GE-AB }} Abkhazia ((アブハズ語:Аҧсны́) ' ; (グルジア語:აფხაზეთი) ' ; ') is a partially recognised state controlled by a separatist government on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus. Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Aphsny.〔Art. 1 of the (Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia )〕〔Olga Oliker, Thomas S. Szayna. Faultlines of Conflict in Central Asia and the South Caucasus: Implications for the U.S. Army. Rand Corporation, 2003, ISBN 978-0-8330-3260-7.〕〔(Abkhazia: ten years on. ) By Rachel Clogg, Conciliation Resources, 2001.〕〔Emmanuel Karagiannis. Energy and Security in the Caucasus. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7007-1481-0.〕〔The Guardian. (Georgia up in arms over Olympic cash )〕 This status is recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru and also by the partially recognised state of South Ossetia and the unrecognised Transnistria and Nagorno-Karabakh. The Georgian government, the United Nations and the majority of the world's governments consider Abkhazia a part of Georgia's territory, though Georgia does not control it. Under Georgia's official designation it is an autonomous republic, called the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict. The wider region formed part of the Soviet Union until 1991. As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate towards the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between the Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. This led to the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia that resulted in a Georgian military defeat, ''de facto'' independence of Abkhazia and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia. In spite of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the status dispute has not been resolved, and despite the long-term presence of a United Nations monitoring force and a Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping operation, the conflict has flared up on several occasions. In August 2008, the sides again fought during the South Ossetia War, which was followed by the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and the termination of the UN and OSCE missions. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a Russian-occupied territory.〔(Resolution of the Parliament of Georgia declaring Abkhazia and South Ossetia occupied territories ), 28 August 2008.〕〔(Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory. ) Civil Georgia. 2008-08-28. 〕 A major part of the international community considers Abkhazia to be occupied by the Russian military. Russia does not allow the European Union Monitoring Mission (EUMM) to enter Abkhazia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Georgia and Russia: The occupation too many have forgotten )〕 Abkhazia, Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, and South Ossetia are post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zones.〔(OSCE: De Gucht Discusses Montenegro Referendum, Frozen Conflicts ), (GlobalSecurity.org ), (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty ), May 2006〕〔Vladimir Socor, , IASPS Policy Briefings, 1 March 2004〕 These four states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations. == Naming == The Abkhazians call their state (', '), which is popularly etymologised as "a land/country of the soul",〔(Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-1994 )〕 but literally means "a country of mortals (mortal beings)". It possibly first appeared in the 7th century in an Armenian text as ''Psin(oun)'', perhaps referring to the historical Apsilians. The Russian (') is adapted from the Georgian ('). In Mingrelian, Abkhazia is known as (')〔Otar Kajaia, 2001–2004, (Megrelian–Georgian Dictionary ) (entry ''abzhua'').〕 or (').〔Otar Kajaia, 2001–2004, (Megrelian–Georgian Dictionary ) (entry ''saapxazo'').〕 Abkhazia's names in Western languages derived directly from the Russian form: Abkhazie in French; Abkhazien in Danish; Abchasien in German; Abchazië in Dutch; Abcasia in Italian; Abjasia in Spanish; and Abcázia in Portuguese. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abkhazia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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