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Abraha (also spelled Abreha) (died after AD 553;〔Stuart Munro-Hay, "Abraha" in Siegbert Uhlig, ed., ''Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003)〕 r. 525—at least 553〔S. C. Munro-Hay, ''Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity'' (Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), p. 87〕), also known as 'Abraha al-Ashram (in Arabic أبرهة الأشرم), was an Ethiopian general then the viceroy of southern Arabia for the Kingdom of Aksum, and later declared himself an independent King of Himyar. Abraha ruled much of present-day Yemen and Hijaz from at least 531 -547 AD to 555 - 565 AD〔''The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity''; edited by Scott Fitzgerald Johnson; p. 287〕〔''Muhammad and the Origins of Islam''; by Francis E. Peters; p. 88〕 ==Career== Dhu Nuwas, the Jewish Himyarite ruler of Yemen, in the period c. 523-525〔("Abraha." ) ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)〕 or c. 518-20〔 launched military operations against the Aksumites Christians and their local Arab Christian allies.〔(Walter W. Müller, "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia," in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''. 1987. )〕 The Aksumites in Zafar were killed, their fortresses in the Yemeni highlands destroyed, and Najran sacked. Najran fell in 518 or 523 and many members of the Himyarite Christian community were put to death evoking great sympathy throughout the Christian regions of the Orient and prompting an Aksumite military intervention aided by a Byzantine fleet first made in 518/523.〔 Abraha was either one of the commanders or a member of one of the armies led by King Kaleb of Axum against Dhu Nuwas. In al-Tabari's history, 'Abraha is said to have been the commander of the second army sent by Kaléb after the first failed, led by 'Ariat. Abraha was reported to have led his army of 100,000 men with hundreds of elephants to successfully crush all resistance of the Yemeni army and then, following the suicide of Dhu Nuwas, seized power and established himself at Sana‘a. He aroused the wrath of Kaléb, however, by withholding tribute who then sent his general 'Ariat to take over the governorship of Yemen. 'Abraha rid himself of the latter by a subterfuge in a duel resulting in 'Ariat being killed and 'Abraha suffering the injury which earned him the sobriquet of al-Asräm, "scar-face."〔 According to Procopius (''Histories'' 1.20), 'Abraha seized the control of Yemen from Esimiphaeus (Sumuafa' Ashawa'), the Christian Himyarite viceroy appointed by Kaléb, with the support of dissident elements within the Aksum occupation force who were eager to settle in the Yemen, then a rich and fertile land.〔 Stuart Munro-Hay, who proposes a 518 date for the rise of Dhu Nuwas, dates this event to 525,〔 while by the later chronology (in which Dhu Nuwas comes to power in 523), this event would have happened about 530, although a date as late as 543 has been postulated by Jacques Ryckmans.〔 An army sent by Kaléb to subdue 'Abraha joined his ranks and killed the ruler sent to replace him (this is perhaps a reference to 'Ariat) and a second army was defeated. After this Kaléb had to accord him de facto recognition before earning recognition under Kaleb's successor for a nominal tribute. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abraha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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