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Abdullah ibn Abi Quhaafah (), c. 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE, popularly known by his nickname Abu Bakr (),〔(), from islam4theworld〕 was a senior companion (''Sahabi'') and—through his daughter Aisha〔—the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Bakr became the first openly declared Muslim outside Muhammad's family. Abu Bakr served as a trusted advisor to Muhammad. During Muhammad's lifetime, he was involved in several campaigns and treaties〔Tabqat ibn al-Saad book of Maghazi, page no:62〕 He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 CE, when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death.〔(), from Encyclopædia Britannica〕 As caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad. He was also commonly known as The Truthful ().〔Juan Eduardo Campo, "Encyclopedia of Islam", Infobase Publishing, 2009 ''()''〕 Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 27 months, ending with his death after an illness. ==Lineage and title== Abu Bakr's full name was Abd Allah ibn 'Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Ka'ab ibn Sa'ad ibn Taym (from whom the at-Taymi al-Quraishi) ibn Murrah ibn Ka'ab ibn Lu'ai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi.〔〔Tabaqat ibn Sa'd 3/ 169〕 The lineage of Abu Bakr joined that of Muhammad in the eighth degree in their common ancestor Murrah ibn Ka'b. The lineage of Abu Bakr was: Abu Bakr; the son of Uthman Abu Quhafa; the son of Amar; the son of Umru; the son of Kaab; the son of Saad; the son of Taym; the son of Murrah. The lineage of Muhammad was: Muhammad; the son of Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib; the son of Abdul Muttalib; the son of Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf; the son of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai; the son of Qusai ibn Kilab; the son of Kilab ibn Murrah; the son of Murrah.〔 In Arabic, the name ''Abd Allah'' means "servant of Allah". One of his early titles, preceding his conversion to Islam, was ''atiqe'', "the saved one". Muhammad later reaffirmed this title when he said that Abu Bakr is the "atiqe" (the one saved from hell fire by God).〔Abi Na'eem, "Ma'arifat al-sahaba", no. 60〕 He was called ''Al-Siddiq'' (the truthful)〔 by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people didn't, and Ali confirmed that title several times.〔Abi Na'eem, "Ma'arifat al-sahaba", no. 64, 65〕 There is a dispute over his name being Abdullah. Ibn Hajar in ''Al-Isaabah'', vol. 4, p. 146 and many other narrations, narrates from Qasim Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr, "I asked Ayesha the name of Abu Bakr. She said Abdullah. I said people are saying Ateeq. She said Abu Quhafa had three children, one was Ateeq, second Mu’taq and third, Otaiq. All three names are similar and derived from the same root." He was mentioned in the Quran as the "second of the two who lay in the cave" in reference to the event of hijra, where with Muhammad he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan search party that was sent after them, thus being one of few who were given direct mention in the Quran.〔Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith, "The new encyclopedia of Islam", Rowman Altamira, 2003, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6 ''()''.〕 Imam Jafar al Sadiq famously narrated how the title ''Siddiq'' was given to Abu Bakr from Muhammad.〔''The divine guide in early Shi'ism (who also have a strong believes to follow Hazrat ALi (A,S) as their first Khalifa after Muhammad death): the sources of esotericism in Islam'' by Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, SUNY Press, 1994, p95〕〔Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition By Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, ISCA, 2003, p124〕 Jafar was a direct descendant of Abu Bakr from his maternal side, as well as being a descendant of Ali from his father's side. Jafar al-Sadiq was also the successor of the Naqshbandi Sufi order believed to be originating from Abu Bakr himself.〔''Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition'' by Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, ISCA, 2003, p.iv〕〔''The Naqshbandiyya: orthodoxy and activism in a worldwide Sufi tradition'' by Itzchak Weismann, 2007, p24〕〔''Shadows of the Prophet: Martial Arts and Sufi Mysticism'' by D. S. Farrer, 2009, p273〕〔''Islamic Sufism'' by Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, Tractus Books, 2000, p104〕〔''The Naqshbandiyya: orthodoxy and activism in a worldwide Sufi tradition'' by Itzchak Weismann, Routledge, 2007, p24〕 Imam Muhammad al Baqir, the father of Imam Jafar Sadiq, also called Abu Bakr with the title Siddiq.〔''Kashf al-Ghumma'' Abu al-Hasan al-Irbili, vol 2〕 Much of the knowledge we have about Muhammad is narrated through Abu Bakr's daughter, Aisha. After the death of Abu Bakr, her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was raised by Ali. After Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads, Aisha raised and taught her nephew al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Aisha also taught another nephew Urwah ibn Zubayr. He then taught his son Hisham ibn Urwah, who was the main teacher of Malik ibn Anas whose views many Sunni follow. Qasim's mother was of ‘Ali's family and his daughter Farwah bint al-Qasim, who married Muhammad al-Baqir, was the mother of Jafar al-Sadiq. Therefore al-Qasim was the grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakr and the grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq. Another of Abu Bakr's grandsons, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, was very close to Husayn bin Ali. After Hussein ibn Ali was betrayed by the people of Kufa and killed by the Syrian Army of Yazid I, the Umayyad ruler,〔Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2001). The History of Islam V.2. Riyadh: Darussalam. pp. 110. ISBN 9960892883〕 Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr confronted Yazid and expelled him from Iraq, southern Arabia and the greater part of Syria, and parts of Egypt. Following a lengthy campaign, on his last hour Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr asked his mother Asma' bint Abu Bakr, the daughter of the first caliph, for advice. Asma' bint Abu Bakr replied to her son:〔()〕 "You know better in your own self, that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you have been killed and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are and you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say, that if you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others, then you will not truly be free". Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr left and was later also killed and crucified by the Syrian Army now under the control of the Umayyads. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Abu Bakr」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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