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The accusative case (abbreviated ) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) prepositions. It is a noun that is having something done to it, usually joined (such as in Latin) with the nominative case. The syntactic functions of the accusative consist of designating the immediate object of an action, the intended result, the goal of a motion, and the extent of an action. The accusative case existed in Proto-Indo-European and is present in some Indo-European languages (including Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), in the Uralic languages, in Altaic languages, and in Semitic languages (such as Hebrew and Classical Arabic). Finnic languages, such as Finnish and Estonian, have two cases to mark objects, the accusative and the partitive case. In morphosyntactic alignment terms, both perform the accusative function, but the accusative object is telic, while the partitive is not. Modern English, which almost entirely lacks declension in its nouns, does not have an explicitly marked accusative case even in the pronouns. Such forms as ''whom'', ''them'', and ''her'' derive rather from the old Germanic dative forms, of which the -m and -r endings are characteristic. This conflation of the old accusative, dative, instrumental, and (after prepositions) genitive cases is the ''oblique case''. Most modern English grammarians no longer use the Latin accusative/dative model, though they tend to use the terms ''objective'' for oblique, ''subjective'' for nominative, and ''possessive'' for genitive ''(see Declension in English).'' ''Hine'', a true accusative masculine third person singular pronoun, is attested in some northern English dialects as late as the 19th century.〔Oxford University Press. ''Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.''. Oxford, 1989〕 In German the accusative case is written so-akkusative and in German there is also called a dative case. ==Etymology== The English name "accusative (case)" is an Anglicisation of the Latin ''accūsātīvus'' (''cāsus''), which was translated from Ancient Greek αἰτιατικὴ (πτῶσις), ''aitiatikē (ptôsis)''. The Greek term can mean either "(inflection) for something caused" or "for an accusation". The intended meaning was likely the first, which would be translated as Latin ''causātīvus'' or ''effectīvus'',〔Herbert Weir Smyth. A Greek grammar for colleges. p. 353, sect. 1551.a.: name of the accusative.〕 but the Latin term was a translation of the second. Compare Russian вини́тельный ''vinítel’nyj'', from винить ''vinít’'' "to blame". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Accusative case」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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