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The Juaneño or ''Acjachemen'' are an indigenous tribe of Southern California. The Juaneño traditionally lived along the coast in an area that is now part of Orange and San Diego counties. Their Spanish name was given by Franciscan priests of the Mission San Juan Capistrano, who established it near their villages. Today the people prefer the name of the Juaneño Band of Mission Indians, Acjachemen Nation. They have been recognized as a tribe by the state of California and petitioned in 1982 for federal recognition as a tribe. == History == During the late Polonius period and continuing into the present day, the southern coastal area was occupied by the Native American society referred to by Spanish colonists as the Juaneño.〔Kroeber 1925, p. 636〕 Spanish priests named them as the people served by the nearby Mission San Juan Capistrano.〔The appellation Juaneño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group; as the Spanish sometimes gathered diverse peoples to live and work at their missions.〕 Today many contemporary Juaneño who identify as descendants of the indigenous society living in the local San Juan and San Mateo Creek drainage areas prefer the adopted indigenous term ''Acjachemen'' as their autonym, or name for themselves. The Acjachemen territory extended from Las Pulgas Creek in northern San Diego County up into the San Joaquin Hills along Orange County's central coast, and inland from the Pacific Ocean up into the Santa Ana Mountains. Aliso Creek formed the northern boundary. The bulk of the population occupied the outlets of two large creeks, San Juan Creek (and its major tributary, Trabuco Canyon) and San Mateo Co (combined with Arroyo San Onofre, which drained into the ocean at the same point). § The highest concentration of villages was along the lower San Juan Creek. The Spanish built Mission San Juan Capistrano there.〔O'Neil, pp. 68–78〕 The Acjachemen resided in permanent, well-defined villages and seasonal camps. Village populations ranged from between 35 to 300 inhabitants, consisting of a single lineage in the smaller villages, and of a dominant clan joined with other families in the larger settlements. Each clan had its own resource territory and was "politically" independent; ties to other villages were maintained through economic, religious, and social networks in the immediate region. The elite class (composed chiefly of families, lineage heads, and other ceremonial specialists), a middle class (established and successful families), and people of disconnected or wandering families and captives of war comprised the three hierarchical social classes.〔Bean and Blackburn, pp. 109–111〕 Native leadership consisted of the Nota, or clan chief, who conducted community rites and regulated ceremonial life in conjunction with the council of elders (puuplem), which was made up of lineage heads and ceremonial specialists in their own right. This body decided upon matters of the community, which were then carried out by the Nota and his underlings. While the placement of residential huts in a village was not regulated, the ceremonial enclosure (vanquesh) and the chief's home were most often centrally-located.〔Boscana, p. 37〕 Fray Gerónimo Boscana, a Franciscan scholar who was stationed at San Juan Capistrano for more than a decade beginning in 1812, compiled what is widely considered to be the most comprehensive study of prehistoric religious practices in the San Juan Capistrano valley. Religious knowledge was secret, and the prevalent religion, called ''Chinigchinich'', placed village chiefs in the position of religious leaders, an arrangement that gave the chiefs broad power over their people.〔Kelsey, p. 3〕 Boscana divided the Acjachemen into two classes: the "Playanos" (who lived along the coast) and the "Serranos" (who inhabited the mountains, some three to four leagues from the Mission).〔Hittell, p. 746〕 The religious beliefs of the two groups as related to creation differed quite profoundly. The Playanos held that an all-powerful and unseen being called "Nocuma" brought about the earth and the sea, together with all of the trees, plants, and animals of sky, land, and water contained therein.〔Hittell, p. 749〕 The Serranos, on the other hand, believed in two separate but related existences: the "existence above" and the "existence below". These states of being were "altogether explicable and indefinite" (like brother and sister), and it was the fruits of the union of these two entities that created "...the rocks and sands of the earth; then trees, shrubbery, herbs and grass; then animals..."〔Hittell, pp. 746-747〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Juaneño」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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