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Acol is the bridge bidding system that, according to ''The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge'', is "standard in British tournament play and widely used in other parts of the world". It is basically a natural system using four card majors and, most commonly, a weak no trump. It is named after the Acol Bridge Club, previously located on Acol Road in London NW6, where the system started to evolve in the early 1930s.〔(Acol Bridge Club Website. )〕 According to Terence Reese, its main devisers were Maurice Harrison-Gray, Jack Marx and S. J. Simon.〔Reese, Terence and Bird, David, ''Acol in the 90s'', Robert Hale Limited (London), 1990, ISBN 0-7090-5379-7, page 7.〕 Marx himself, writing in the ''Contract Bridge Journal'' in December, 1952, said: "...the Acol system was pieced together by Skid Simon and myself the best part of 20 years ago."〔 Page 54.〕 In another account, Marx and Simon... The first book on the system was written by Ben Cohen and Terence Reese.〔Cohen, Ben and Reese, Terence, ''The Acol Two Club: with an introduction by S.J.Simon'', Leng, Sheffield, 1938. This was the first Acol textbook, its authors wisely disclaiming originality: "We do a job of reporting." It had a famous Preface, "Attitude of Mind" by Skid Simon. — Second and subsequent editions titled ''The Acol System of contract bridge''. Joiner & Steele, London. — 2nd ed 1939; 3rd ed 1946, with 13 hands from the Waddington Par Contest; 4th ed 1949, with a selection of hands from the 1949 International Series; 5th ed (), with a selection of hands from the 1955-56 international events and an Introduction by Guy Ramsey. The fourth edition introduced three new chapters on competitive bidding, mistakes to avoid, and two clubs over one no-trump (the Marx or Stayman convention).〕 Skid Simon explained the principles that lay behind the system,〔Simon S.J., ''Design for bidding'', Nicholson & Watson (London), 1949.〕 and the system was further popularised in Britain by Iain Macleod.〔Macleod, Iain, ''Bridge is an easy game'', Falcon (London), 1952.〕 The Acol system is continually evolving but the underlying principle is to keep the bidding as natural as possible. It is common in the British Commonwealth but rarely played in North America. == Bidding system structure == As a bidding system, Acol has the following characteristics: * It is a natural system: most opening bids, responses and rebids are made with at least 4 cards in the suit bid, and most no trump bids are made with balanced hands. * It is a four-card major system: only four-card suits are required to open 1 or 1, unlike Standard American and many other systems where five-card suits are typically required. * It is an ''approach forcing system'': whether or not a bid is forcing (systemically requiring a response) depends on the previous bidding ("approach"). This is in contrast to ''level forcing systems'', such as 2-over-1, where the level of the bid determines whether or not it is forcing. * It makes extensive use of limit bids: limit bids describe the hand so closely, in terms of high card points (HCP) and shape, that the one who makes the limit bid is expected to pass on the next round, unless partner makes a forcing bid. * Understanding and correct use of limit bids and forcing bids is fundamental to applying the system: all no trump bids below the level of 4NT are limit bids, as are all suit bids that merely repeat a suit already bid by the partnership; changes of suit may be forcing or not depending on the approach bids. * The level of the 1 NT opening bid influences other bids: the normal choice is between a "weak no trump" (12-14 HCP) and a "strong no trump" (15-17 HCP). * If using a weak no-trump, this is the only "fully natural" bidding system which does not require a "short club" or "prepared" club/diamond bid with less than 4 cards. All 1 of a suit opening bids then promise at least 4 cards in the bid suit. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Acol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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