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Acrocyanosis is persistent blue or cyanotic discoloration of the extremities, most commonly occurring in the hands, although it also occurs in the feet and distal parts of face. 〔Kurklinsky AK, Miller VM, Rooke TW. "Acrocyanosis: The Flying Dutchman." ''Vascular Medicine'' 2011 Aug;16(4):288-301〕〔Olin, J.W. (2004). Other peripheral arterial diseases. In L. Goldman & D. Ausiello (Eds.), ''Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd Edition''. (Vol 1, pp. 475). Philadelphia: WB Saunders ISBN 0-7216-9653-8〕〔Creager, M.A. & Dzau, V.J. (2005). Vascular diseases of the extremities. In D.L. Kasper, A.S. Fauci, D.L. Longo, E. Braunwald, S.L. Hauser, & J.L Jameson (Eds.), ''Harrison's Prins of Internal Medicine'' (16th ed., pp. 1490). New York: McGraw-Hill ISBN 0-07-140235-7〕 〔(2006). Peripheral vascular disorders. In R.S. Porter, T.V. Jones, & M.H. Beer (Eds.), ''Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy'' (18th ed., ch. 212). New York: Wiley, John & Sons ISBN 0-911910-18-2〕 Although described over 100 years ago and not uncommon in practice, the nature of this phenomenon is still uncertain. The very term "acrocyanosis" is often applied inappropriately in cases when blue discoloration of the hands, feet, or parts of the face is noted.〔 The principal (primary) form of acrocyanosis is that of a benign cosmetic condition,〔 sometimes caused by a relatively benign neurohormonal disorder.〔 Regardless of its cause, the benign form typically does not require medical treatment. A medical emergency would ensue if the extremities experience prolonged periods of exposure to the cold, particularly in children and patients with poor general health.〔 However, frostbite differs from acrocyanosis because pain (via thermal nociceptors) often accompanies the former condition, while the latter is very rarely associated with pain. There are also a number of other conditions that affect hands, feet, and parts of the face with associated skin color changes that need to be differentiated from acrocyanosis: Raynaud’s phenomenon, pernio, acrorygosis, erythromelalgia, blue finger syndrome. The diagnosis may be challenging in some cases, especially when these syndromes co-exist.〔 Acrocyanosis may be a sign of a more serious medical problem, such as connective tissue diseases and diseases associated with central cyanosis. Other causative conditions include infections, toxicities, antiphospholipid syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, neoplasms. In these cases, the observed cutaneous changes are known as "secondary acrocyanosis". They may have a less symmetric distribution and may be associated with pain and tissue loss.〔〔 ==Signs and symptoms== Acrocyanosis is characterized by peripheral cyanosis: persistent cyanosis of the hands or of the hands, feet, or face.〔 The extremities often are cold and clammy and may exhibit some swelling (especially in the warmer weather).〔〔 The palms and soles exhibit a wide range of sweating from moderately moist to profuse, but all peripheral pulses should have normal rate, rhythm, and quality.〔〔 Exposure to cold temperatures worsens the cyanosis, while it often improves on warming.〔 Aside from the color changes, patients normally are asymptomatic and therefore there is usually no associated pain. The most common sign, discoloration, usually is what prompts patients to seek medical care.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Acrocyanosis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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