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Adaptationism is the view that many physical and psychological traits of organisms are evolved adaptations. Adaptationists perform research to try to distinguish adaptations (e.g., the umbilical cord) from byproducts (e.g., the belly button) or random variation (e.g., convex or concave shape of the belly button). George Williams' ''Adaptation and Natural Selection'' (1966) was highly influential in its development, defining some of the heuristics, such as complex functional design, species universality, and reliability used to identify adaptations. ==Criteria to identify a trait as an adaptation== Adaptationism is an approach to studying the evolution of form and function that attempts to frame the existence and persistence of traits on the scenario that each of them arose independently due to how that trait improved the reproductive success of the organism's ancestors. If and only if a trait fulfills the following criteria will evolutionary biologists in general declare the trait an adaptation: # The trait is a variation of an earlier form. # The trait is heritable through the transmission of genes. # The trait enhances reproductive success. Evolution cannot form perfect organisms for numerous reasons. Foremost is that some elements of an organism's physiology are subject to constraints that environmental pressure cannot alter. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Adaptationism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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