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Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan ((ペルシア語:آذربایجان) ''Āzarbāijān''; ''Azərbaycan''), also Iranian Azerbaijan,〔James Minahan. "Miniature Empires", Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998.〕 is a region in northwestern Iran. It is also historically known as ''Atropatene'' and ''Aturpatakan''. The region is referred by some as ''South Azerbaijan'' or ''Southern Azerbaijan'';〔Brown, Cameron S. 2002 (Dec.). "Observations from Azerbaijan." ''Middle East Review of International Affairs'': v. 6, no. 4, ((LINK ))〕 however, some scholars and sources view these terms as being irredentist and politically motivated.〔Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications", Praeger/Greenwood, 1998. excerpt from pg 61: "During the Soviet-era historical revisionism and myth-building intended to denounce imperialism, the notion of a "northern" and "southern" Azerbaijan was created and propagated throughout USSR. It was charged that the "two Azerbaijanis" once united were separated artificially by conspiracy between imperial Russia and Iran".〕〔''Ethnic Conflict and International Security'', Edited by Michael E. Brown, Princeton University Press, 1993〕〔Bert G. Fragner, ‘Soviet Nationalism’: An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia ’ in" in Van Schendel, Willem(Editor) . Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century. London , GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2001. Excerpt from pg 24: "Under Soviet auspices and in accordance with Soviet nationalism, historical Azerbaijan proper was reinterpreted as 'Southern Azerbaijan', with demands for liberation and, eventually, for 're'-unification with Northern (Soviet) Azerbaijan a breathtaking manipulation. No need to point to concrete Soviet political activities in this direction, as in 1945–46 etc. The really interesting point is that in the independent former Soviet republics this typically Soviet ideological pattern has long outlasted the Soviet Union."〕 Following the Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century, and the resulting Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 and the Treaty of Turkmenchay of 1828, Qajar Iran was forced to irrevocable cede all of its territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia proper to neighboring Imperial Russia, amongst which the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan. Iranian Azerbaijan, became the northwestern frontier instead, as opposed to priorly the territories that now comprise Georgia and Dagestan.〔Timothy C. Dowling (''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond'' ) pp 728-729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 ISBN 1598849484〕 The bulk of the Azerbaijanis stayed in Iran, in Iranian Azerbaijan precisely, following the territorial partition with Russia with the new border set at the Aras River, while the rest of the Azerbaijanis together with the territory of the contemporary adjacent Republic of Azerbaijan, were absorbed into and ceded to Russia. In 1918, the territory of the nowadays Republic of Azerbaijan was to be named Azerbaijan as well upon establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the decision of the leading Musavat party to adopt the name for the newly established republic,〔Siavash Lornejad, Ali Doostzadeh. (''ON THE MODERN POLITICIZATION OF THE PERSIAN POET NEZAMI GANJAVI'' ) CCIS, 2012 ISBN 978-9993069744 p 10〕 while priorly the territory was known as "Arran" and "Shirvan" by the Iranian rulers as well as all others. The two territories of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan are the traditional homeland of the Azerbaijanis, who following the outcome of the 19th century Russo-Persian Wars, were parted between the two empires instead of priorly being always part of one, and subsequently nowadays they are partitioned between two nations following the dissolution of the Soviet Union; Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan.〔Swietochowski, Tadeusz. (''Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003'' ) Taylor and Francis, 2003. ISBN 1857431375 p 104〕 The majority in Azerbaijani region are ethnic Azerbaijanis, however minorities of Armenians, Persians, Kurds, Talysh, and Assyrians are present as well. The region has, as well as vice versa, played a pivotal role in the historical development of the Caucasus region, as well as neighbouring Anatolia, and more inland regions of modern-day Iran, and its history is inseparable from the history of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic. Nowadays, the region borders, clockwise, Iraq, Turkey, Nakhchivan, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The provinces comprising the region are West Azerbaijan Province, East Azerbaijan Province, Ardabil Province, and Zanjan Province. ==Etymology and usage== The name Azerbaijan itself is derived from ''Atropates'',〔( Atroapates. Encyclopædia Iranica )〕 the Persian Satrap (governor) of Medea in the Achaemenid empire, who ruled a region found in modern Iranian Azerbaijan called ''Atropatene''. Atropates name is believed to be derived from the Old Persian roots meaning "protected by fire."〔Encyclopædia Iranica, ("ATROPATES" ) M. L. Chaumont.〕 The name is also mentioned in the Avestan Frawardin Yasht: ''âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide'' which translates literally to: "We worship the Fravashi of the holy Atare-pata."〔(FRAWARDIN YASHT ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels") Translated by James Darmesteter (From Sacred Books of the East, American Edition, 1898) )〕 According to the Encyclopedia of Islam: "In Middle Persian the name of the province was called Āturpātākān, older new-Persian Ādharbādhagān آذربادگان/آذرآبادگان, Ādharbāyagān, at present Āzerbāydjān/Āzarbāydjān, Greek ᾿Ατροπατήνη, Byzantine Greek ᾿Αδραβιγάνων, Armenian Atrpatakan, Syriac Adhorbāyghān."〔Minorsky, V.; Minorsky, V. "Azerbaijan" Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill〕 The name Atropat in Middle Persian was transformed to Adharbad and is connected with Zoroastrianism. A famous Zoroastrian priest by the name Adarbad Mahraspandan is well known for his counsels.〔( R. C. Zaehner, The Teachings of the Magi, London, 1956, p. 101 )〕 Azerbaijan, due to its numerous fire-temples has also been quoted in a variety of historic sources as being the birthplace of the prophet Zoroaster although modern scholars have not yet reached an agreement on the location of his birth.〔G. Gnoli, Zoroaster's time and homeland, Naples, 1980〕 Upon Qajar Iran's forced ceding of its Caucasian territories north of the Aras River, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan in the course of the 19th century to Imperial Russia, through the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828), the latter was eventually named Azerbaijan as well, following disintegration of the Russian Empire and the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 by the Musavat party.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Azerbaijan (Iran)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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