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Adoni is a city in Kurnool district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipality and the headquarters of Adoni mandal, administered under the Adoni Revenue Division.〔Obulesul, M. (''Total literacy campaign.'' ) Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi 2006 p. 70 - 72. ISBN 978-81-8356-056-6. Accessed 4 November 2014.〕〔(''Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration.'' ) Government of Andhra Pradesh. Accessed 17 January 2015.〕 census of India, Adoni had a population of 166,537, making it the 15th most populous city in the state. It had an urban agglomeration population of 184,771.〔〔 ==History== The Adoni fort is central to the town's history. In 1780, an observer wrote, :"Adoni is situated upon three mountains which are united; it has a range of irregular fortifications, piled one over the other. To maintain it requires a garrison of 30,000 men. The fortifications upon the mountains are often weak...To the south of Adoni, a large plain, to the north there are mountains, obnoxious from their nearness, to the east there are other mountains. To the west there are also mountains and this part is the weakest."〔Sen, S. (''Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-1796.'' ) Popular Prakashan, 1995, volume 2 p. 55. ISBN 9788171547890.〕 In the 15th century and early to mid 16th century, Adoni was a fort town of the Vijayanagara Empire. It was held by the kinsmen of Aliya Rama Raya, a powerful aristocrat of the Vijayanagara.〔Stein, B. (''The New Cambridge History of India.'' ) Cambridge University Press, 1989. Volume 1 p. 68. ISBN 9780521266932.〕 From approximately 1558, at the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, control of Adoni came to Ali Adil Shah I (1558 - 1579), the fifth Sultan of the Bijapur Sultanate.〔Welch S. (''India: Art and Culture, 1300-1900.'' ) Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1985 p. 48. ISBN 9780030061141.〕 Hamilton, in 1820, stated, :"It (at this time ) stood at the top of a high hill, and contained within its walls many tanks and fountains of pure water with numerous princely structures."〔Hamilton, W. (''A Geographical, and Historical Discription of Hindostan and the Adjacent Countries.'' ) Murray 1820 p. 334. Accessed at Google Books on 11 September 2015.〕 In 1564, the Sultanate of Bijapur lost Adoni to Mohammedan rulers.〔 From 1678 to 1688, rule of Adoni lay with Siddi Masud, a wealthy ''Habshi'' (African) from Abyssinia〔Sharma R. (''Indian Art Treasures: Suresh Neotia collection.'' ) Mosaic Books 2006 p. 198 Accessed at Google Books 10 September 2015.〕 who was a powerful general of Raja Anup Singh of Bikaner,〔Patel, A. and Leonard, K. (''Indo-Muslim culture in Transition.'' ) BRILL, 2011 p. 39 ISBN 9789004212091.〕〔Chaitanya K. (''A History of Indian Painting - Manuscript, Moghul and Deccani Traditions, Volume 2.'' ) Abhinav Publications, 1979 p. 75〕〔Singh, R. (''Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan.'' ) University of Michigan, 1992. Accessed at Google books 10 September 2015.〕 Siddi Masud improved the fort; cleared the surrounding forest; established the townships of Imatiazgadh and Adilabad; and constructed the Jamia Masjid.〔Vasanth, R. and Basha, M. ''Islamic architecture of Deccan.''〕 Siddi Masud was also an avid art collector and a patron of the Kurnool school of painting.〔Zebrowski, M. (''Deccani painting'' ) University of California Press, Berkeley, first edition, 1982. Accessed 9 October 2014〕 In 1688, Adoni was attacked by Firuz Jang, a Mughal general. Siddi Musud surrendered with his courtiers and family.〔Obeng P. (''Shaping Membership, Defining Nation: The Cultural Politics of African Indians in South Asia.'' ) Lexington Books, 2007 p.16. ISBN 9780739131213.〕 At the fall of the Mughal Empire, around 1760, Adoni was ruled by governors appointed by the Nizam of Hyderabad, a Mughal splinter clan. One such governor was Salabat Jung, brother of the Nizam.〔Gribble, J. (''History of the Decan.'' ) Mittal Publications, 1990 p. 59 Accessed at Google Books 10 September 2015.〕 The French supported the appointment. However, :"Salabat Jung was very mild by disposition and neither Bussy nor Dupleix rated his intelligence highly. In fact, Dupleix went to the extent of calling him a ''duffer''."〔Regani, S. (''Nizam-British Relations, 1724-1857.'' ) Concept Publishing Company, 1988 p. 52. ISBN 9788170221951〕 In 1786, Adoni was besieged for one month and then captured by Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore of South India.〔 On 4 May 1799, Tipu Sultan died at the hands of the English.〔Walker, J. and Walker, C. (''A gazetteer of Southern India: with the Tenasserim Provinces and Singapore.'' ) Pharoah, 1855. Accessed 9 October 2014.〕 On the 15 June 1800, Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington, wrote to the resident at Hyderabad about appropriate reparations to the Nizam for English occupation of Adoni which he felt was a desirable location.〔Wellesley, A.(''The Marquess Wellesley to the Resident at Hyderabad.'' ) Murry, 1836 p291.〕 Adoni became one of twenty taluqs and in 1810, the Adoni and Nagaldinna taluqs were combined.〔Kelsall, J. (''Manual of the Bellary District.'' ) W. Thomas, 1872 p. 5〕 In Adoni in 1817, at the beginning of the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the British raised a new battalion from other nearby regiments.〔Butler, W. (''A Narrative of the Historical Events Connected with the Sixty-ninth Regiment.'' ) W. Mitchell, 1870 p. 67.〕〔Wellesley, A. (''The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington.'' ) Parker, Furnivall, and Parker, 1844 Volume 1 p125.〕 By 1842, the military had left Adoni because of the perception that the area was susceptible to cholera and because of unfavourable rugged surrounding geography.〔(''Bellary.'' ) The Madras quarterly medical journal, 1842 Volume 4 p. 4〕 Under British rule, South India was divided into several administrative districts. Adoni fell into the district of Bellary of Madras presidency. On 29 April 1861, the acting district engineer of Kurnool wrote to the chief secretary to government at Fort St George, :"North and by east of Bellary, on the Hyderabad road, the only important town is Adoni; it contains a very large population of Mussulmen, and is a place of considerable trade and manufacture."〔(''House of Commons Papers.'' ) H.M. Stationery Office, 1862. Vol 38 p. 233.〕 In 1867, the Adoni and the Bellary Municipal Councils were created.〔(''The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 7.'' ) Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1908 p. 158 - 176.〕 Between 1876 and 1878, a severe El Nino famine affected Adoni and the surrounding areas where nearly one third of the population was lost.〔Davis, M. (''Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World.'' ) Verso Books, 2002 p. 112. ISBN 9781781680612.〕 In 1953, after the linguistic reorganization of the states, Adoni gained its present seat as part of Andhra Pradesh. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Adoni」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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