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Aeroecology
Aeroecology is the discipline for studying how airborne life forms utilize and interact with other biotic and abiotic components of the lower atmosphere.〔(Science Daily ) Retrieved 2011-06-27〕 The aerosphere is viewed as habitat 〔(Diehl, R.H. (2013) TREE 28(7):377-379 )〕 and the way that organisms respond to and take advantage of the dynamic aeroscape has relevance to the ecology, evolution, and conservation of many of the world's bird, bat, insect, and plant species.
The interactions and properties in the aerosphere, the zone that is closest to the Earth's surface, provide selective pressures that influence the size and shape of organisms, their behavioral, sensory, metabolic, and respiratory functions. In contrast to organisms that spend their entire lives on land or in water, organisms that use the aerosphere are almost immediately affected by changing conditions such as winds, air density, oxygen concentrations, precipitation, air temperature, sunlight, polarized light, moonlight, and geomagnetic and gravitational forces.〔(Center for Ecology and Conservation Biology ) Retrieved 2011-06-27〕
Aeroecology has relied upon traditional ecological field studies such as direct observation or detection of organisms flying overhead (e.g., moon watching, thermal cameras, or bioacoustics). However, the field has been greatly advanced by the inclusion of remotely sensed data, in particular Doppler weather radar or NEXRAD. In March 2012, an international and interdisciplinary Radar Aeroecology Workshop was held at the National Weather Center on the University of Oklahoma campus in Norman, OK, USA.〔(Chilson et al. (2012) Biol Lett 8(5):698-701 )〕 Experts in the fields of ecology and meteorology discussed how various radar technologies could be applied to aeroecological questions. Aeroecology research groups at both the University of Oklahoma 〔(Radar Aeroecology at OU )〕 and the University of Delaware 〔(Aeroecology at the University of Deleware )〕 continue to advance the development and integration of remotely sensed data to quantify, qualify, and track biological utilization of the lower aerosphere.
==Observational Aeroecology==
In the traditional sense, aeroecology has been limited to observations taken from the ground of biological organisms occupying the airspace above. This may include near-surface foraging behavior or moon-watching passage migrants using human observers equipped with optics. With the advent and adoption of technologies such as thermographic cameras, marine radar, and NEXRAD to aeroecological studies, the ability to detect and track sufficiently large animals in the aerospere was revolutionized.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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