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Afghan
Afghan (Pashto also Persian: افغان; see ''etymology'') refers to something from Afghanistan, particularly a citizen of that country. Prior to this definition, it was used by Persian speakers and those influenced by the Persian language to denote the Pashtun people. In modern times, "Afghan" is rarely used as an ethnic term for the Pashtuns but is rather used as the national demonym for all citizens of Afghanistan—Pashtuns, Tajiks, and also a large number of Hazaras, Uzbeks, Aimaqs, Turkmens, Balochs, Nuristanis, Pashayis, Pamiris, Arabs, and others.
According to the ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', the word Afghan (afḡān) in current political usage means any citizen of Afghanistan, regardless of their tribal or religious affiliation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】Encyclopædia Iranica ">title=AFGHAN )〕 According to the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan, all Afghans are equal in rights and obligations before the law.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1964.html )〕 The fourth article of the current Constitution of Afghanistan states that citizens of Afghanistan consist of Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, Aymaq, Arab, Baluch, Pashayi, Nuristani, Qezelbash, Gujjars, Brahui, and members of other tribes.
As an adjective, the word Afghan also means "of or relating to Afghanistan or its people, language, or culture".
==Afghan==
In Persian language, the word 'Afghan' refers to Pashtun peoples. The word also carries some negative connotations among non-Pashtuns. For instance, among Hazara, Tajik and Uzbek, the word ‘Afghan’ is metaphorically used to denote backwardness. Among ethnic Hazara, 'Afghan' attains its meaning through a semantic shift, as 'Awgho' and it is often used in the households to scare the children for obedience. Historically, Hazaras have suffered at the hands of Pashtuns, and in their literature, Pashtuns are psychologically portrayed as evil, terror, savage, oppressor, and uncivilized people. This kind of portrayal has also shared among Uzbeks, Tajiks and Turkmen. Similarly, in northern Afghanistan among non-Pashtuns, the word 'Afghan' has also experienced a semantic change, which is 'Awghan,' and both metonymically and metaphorically used as a swear word to shame someone for wrongdoing and in contemptuous way it means representing someone as an object of ridicule.〔What do we know about the word ‘Afghan’ and who is called Afghan? September 7, 2015. http://www.afghanlord.org/2015/09/what-do-we-know-about-word-afghan-and.html〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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