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Afro-Mexicans ((スペイン語: afromexicanos; negros; afrodescendientes))〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hasta cuándo se va a reconocer a los afromexicanos )〕 are Mexicans who have a heritage from Sub-Saharan Africa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Afromexicanos, un rostro olvidado de México que pide ser reconocido )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Negro? Prieto? Moreno? A Question of Identity for Black Mexicans )〕 Also known as Black Mexicans,〔 they are an ethnic group made up of recent immigrants of African descent to Mexico and the descendants of slaves,〔 such as in the communities of the Costa Chica of Oaxaca and Guerrero, Veracruz and in some cities in northern Mexico. The history of blacks in Mexico has been lesser known for a number of reasons: their relatively small numbers, regular intermarriage with other ethnic groups, and Mexico’s tradition of defining itself as a “mestizaje” or mixing culture. Mexico had an active slave trade since the early colonial period and an estimated 200,000 Africans were brought there. From the beginning, the slaves, who were mostly male, intermarried with indigenous women. In some cases Spanish colonists had unions with female slaves. Spanish colonists created an elaborate racial caste system, classifying people by racial mixture. This system broke down in the very late colonial period; after Independence, the legal notion of race was eliminated. The creation of a national Mexican identity, especially after the Mexican Revolution, emphasized Mexico’s indigenous and European past; it passively eliminated the African ancestors and contributions. Though Mexico had a significant number of African slaves during colonial times, most of the African-descended population were absorbed into the larger Mestizo (mixed European/indigenous) population through unions among the groups. Less than 1% of Mexico's population has significant African ancestry. Numerous Afro-Mexicans in the 21st century are naturalized black immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.equidad.scjn.gob.mx/IMG/pdf/documento_informativo_sobre_la_discriminacion_racial_en_mexico.pdf )〕 == Origins == Although the vast majority had their roots in Africa, not all slaves made the trip directly to America, some came from other Hispanic territories. Those from Africa belonged mainly to groups coming from Sudan and ethnic Bantu. The origin of the slaves is known through various documents such as transcripts of sales. Originally the slaves came from Cape Verde and Guinea〔Ibidem, p.29〕 Later slaves were also taken from Angola and the Canary Islands.〔Tatiana Mendez, 2009, Escuela de Trabajo Social UNAM.〕 To decide the sex of the slaves that would be sent to the New World, calculations that included physical performance and reproduction were performed. At first half of the slaves imported were women and the other half men, but it was later realized that men could work longer without fatigue and that they yielded similar results throughout the month, while women suffered from pains and diseases more easily.〔 Later on, only one third of the total slaves were women. From the African continent dark skinned slaves were taken; "the first true blacks were extracted from Arguin."〔Ibidem., p.113〕 Later in the sixteenth century, black slaves came from Bran, biafadas and Gelofe (in Cape Verde). Black slaves were classified into several types, depending on their ethnic group and origin, but mostly from physical characteristics. There were two main groups. The first, called Retintos, also called swarthy, came from Sudan and the Guinean Coast. The second type were amulatados or amembrillados of lighter skin color, when compared with other blacks and were distinguishable by their yellow skin tones.〔Aguirre Beltrán, 1989 p.166〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afro-Mexican」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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