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〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=HISTORIOGRAPHY vii. AFSHARID AND ZAND PERIODS – Encyclopaedia Iranica )〕 Turkic (military administration) |government_type = Absolute Monarchy |title_leader = Shahanshah |leader1 = Nader Shah |year_leader1 = 1736–1747 |leader2 = Adil Shah |year_leader2 = 1747–1748 |leader3 = Ebrahim Afshar |year_leader3 = 1748 |leader4 = Shahrukh Afshar |year_leader4 = 1748–1796 |stat_area1 = 4500000 |currency = toman〔علیاصغر شمیم، ''ایران در دوره سلطنت قاجار''، تهران: انتشارات علمی، ۱۳۷۱، ص ۲۸۷〕 |today = }} The Afsharids ((ペルシア語:افشاریان)) were members of a native Iranian dynasty of Turkic origin, specifically the Afshar tribe, from Khorasan, who ruled Persia in the 18th century. The dynasty was founded in 1736 by the brilliant military commander Nader Shah, who deposed the last member of the Safavid dynasty and proclaimed himself Shah of Iran. During Nader's reign, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, and at its height it controlled modern day Iran, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, most of the North Caucasus (Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, and parts of modern-day Chechnya), Afghanistan, Bahrain, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, North India, and Oman. After his death, most of his empire was divided between the Zands, Durranis, Georgians, and the Caucasian khanates, while Afsharid rule was confined to a small local state in Khorasan. Finally, the Afsharid dynasty was overthrown by Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1796, who would establish a new native Iranian empire and restore Iranian suzerainty over several of the aforementioned regions. The dynasty was named after the Turkic Afshar tribe from Khorasan in north-east Iran to which Nader belonged. The Afshars had originally migrated from Turkestan to Azerbaijan in the 13th century. In the early 17th century, Shah Abbas the Great moved many Afshars from Azerbaijan to Khorasan to defend the north-eastern borders of his state against the Uzbeks, after which the Afshars became native to those regions. Nader belonged to the Qereqlu branch of the Afshars.〔''Cambridge History of Iran'' Volume 7, pp.2-4〕 ==Foundation of the dynasty== Nader Shah was born (as Nader Qoli) into a humble semi-nomadic family of an Afshar tribe of Khorasan, where he became a local warlord.〔(Encyclopedia Iranica )〕 His path to power began when the Ghilzai Mir Mahmud Hotaki overthrew the weakened and disintegrated Safavid shah Sultan Husayn in 1722. At the same time, Ottoman and Russian forces seized Iranian land. Russia took swaths of Iran's Caucasian territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, as well as mainland northern Iran by the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723), while the neighbouring Ottomans invaded from the west. By the 1724 Constantinople Treaty, they agreed to divide the conquered areas between themselves. On the other side of the theatre, Nader joined forces with Sultan Husayn's son Tahmasp II and led the resistance against the Ghilzai Afghans, driving their leader Ashraf Khan easily out of the capital in 1729 and establishing Tahmasp on the throne. Nader fought to regain the lands lost to the Ottomans and Russians and to restore Iranian hegemony in Iran. While he was away in the east fighting the Ghilzais, Tahmasp allowed the Ottomans to retake territory in the west. Nader, disgusted, had Tahmasp deposed in favour of his baby son Abbas III in 1732. Four years later, after he had recaptured most of the lost Persian lands, Nader was confident enough to have himself proclaimed shah in his own right at a ceremony on the Moghan Plain.〔Michael Axworthy ''Iran: Empire of the Mind'' (Penguin, 2008) pp.153-156〕 He subsequently made the Russians cede the taken territories taken in 1722-1723 through the Treaty of Resht of 1732 and the Treaty of Ganja of 1735.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond ... )〕 Back in control of the integral northern territories, and with a new Russo-Iranian alliance against the common Ottoman enemy, he continued the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35), which ended with the Ottoman armies being expelled from western Iran and the rest of the Caucasus, and resulted in the Treaty of Constantinople (1736) which amongst the terms of the treaty, forced the Ottomans to confirm Iranian suzerainty over the Caucasus and recognised Nader as the new Iranian shah (king).〔()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afsharid dynasty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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