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Afterhyperpolarization
Afterhyperpolarization, or AHP, describes the hyperpolarizing phase of a neuron's action potential where the cell's membrane potential falls below the normal resting potential. This is also commonly referred to as an action potential's undershoot phase. AHPs have been segregated into "fast", "medium", and "slow" components that appear to have distinct ionic mechanisms and durations. While fast and medium AHPs can be generated by single action potentials, slow AHPs generally develop only during trains of multiple action potentials.
During single action potentials, transient depolarization of the membrane opens more voltage-gated K+ channels than are open in the resting state, many of which do not close immediately when the membrane returns to its normal resting voltage. This can lead to an "undershoot" of the membrane potential to values that are more polarized ("hyperpolarized") than was the original resting membrane potential. Ca2+-activated K+ channels that open in response to the influx of Ca2+ during the action potential carry much of the K+ current as the membrane potential becomes more negative. The K+ permeability of the membrane is transiently unusually high, driving the membrane voltage ''V''''M'' even closer to the K+ equilibrium voltage ''E''K. Hence, hyperpolarization persists until the membrane K+ permeability returns to its usual value.〔Purves ''et al.'', p. 37; Bullock, Orkand, and Grinnell, p. 152.〕
Medium and slow AHP currents also occur in neurons.〔 M. Shah, and D. G. Haylett. Ca2+ Channels Involved in the Generation of the Slow Afterhyperpolarization in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons. J Neurophysiol 83: 2554-2561, 2000.〕 The ionic mechanisms underlying medium and slow AHPs are not yet well understood, but may also involve M current and HCN channels for medium AHPs,〔N. Gu, K. Vervaeke, H. Hu, and J.F. Storm, Kv7/KCNQ/M and HCN/h, but not KCa2/SK channels, contribute to the somatic medium afterhyperpolarization and excitability control in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells, Journal of Physiology 566:689-715 (2005).〕 and ion-dependent currents〔R. Andrade, R.C. Foehring, and A.V. Tzingounis, Essential role for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the expression, regulation, and gating of the slow afterhyperpolarization current in the cerebral cortex, Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 6:47 (2012).〕 and/or ionic pumps for slow AHPs.〔J.H. Kim, I. Sizov, M. Dobretsov, and H. Von Gersdorff, Presynaptic Ca2+ buffers control the strength of a fast post-tetanic hyperpolarization mediated by the a3 Na+/K+-ATPase, Nature Neuroscience 10:196-205 (2007).〕〔A.T. Gulledge, S. Dasari, K. Onoue, E.K. Stephens, J.M. Hasse, and D. Avesar, A sodium-pump-mediated afterhyperpolarization in pyramidal neurons., Journal of Neuroscience 33:13025-13041 (2013).〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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