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Agravain
Sir Agravain (sometimes spelled Agravaine) is a Knight of the Round Table in Arthurian Legend. In Chrétien de Troyes, the Vulgate, Post-Vulgate cycles and Thomas Malory's ''Le Morte d'Arthur'', he is the second eldest son of King Lot of Orkney with Anna/Morgause (Arthur's sister), thus nephew of King Arthur, and brother to Sir Gawain, Gaheris, and Gareth, and half-brother to Mordred.〔An enumeration of the four brothers (excluding Mordred) can be found in Chrétien de Troyes's ''Perceval, the Story of the Grail'' when Gawain tells the "white-haired queen" (his grandmother Igraine) the names of the four brothers ("Gawain is the oldest, the second Agravain the Proud (), Gaheriet and Guerehet are the names of the following two." (verses 8139-8142 in the Dufournet edition; verses 8056-8060 in the Méla edition)); a brief portrait of the five brothers (including Mordred) can be found in the prose ''Lancelot'' (see: Norris J. Lacy, ed., ''Lancelot-Grail: Lancelot Parts III and IV'', Volume 4 of ''Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation'', Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2010, pp. 392-4. ISBN 9781843842354.)〕
He is generally portrayed as handsome, and a capable fighter, and participates in a number of adventures early in the Vulgate Cycle, sometimes even doing heroic deeds. In ''Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'', where he is called "Agravain of the Hard Hand", he is named in a list of respectable knights; this, combined with his unobjectionable depiction in Chrétien de Troyes' ''Perceval'', suggests his reputation might not have been very negative prior to the Vulgate.
Unlike his heroic brothers Gawain and Gareth, however, Agravain is also known for malice and villainy. In the prose ''Lancelot'' of the Vulgate cycle, he is described as taller than Gawain, with a "somewhat misshapen" body, "a fine knight" but "arrogant and full of evil words".〔Norris J. Lacy, ed., ''Lancelot-Grail: Lancelot Parts III and IV'' (p.393 )〕 In the Post-Vulgate tradition, Agravain participates in the slaying of Sir Lamorak and Sir Dinadan, and in most cyclical Arthurian literature he plays an important role by exposing his aunt Guinevere's affair with Sir Lancelot. Though Gawain, Gareth and Gaheris try to stop them, he and Mordred conspire to catch the adulterers together. In some versions he is killed by the escaping Lancelot, in others he dies defending Guinevere's execution from Lancelot's forces along with Gaheris and Gareth; in either case, it is not his death but those of Gaheris' and Gareth's that inspires Gawain's wrath toward Lancelot, as Gawain had warned Agravain not to spy on Lancelot.
== The "Agravain" section of the ''Lancelot'' ==
In the traditional, albeit contested, division of the massive medieval prose ''Lancelot'' portion of the ''Lancelot-Grail'' or ''Vulgate'' cycle into three or four parts〔These divisions are found in some medieval manuscripts and were maintained by some medievalists, such as the 19th-century scholar Alexis Paulin Paris (c.f. Marie Luce-Chênerie, ''Lancelot du Lac: II'', Livre de Poche: 19993, p. 6. ISBN 9782253063025), but other scholars, such as Ferdinand Lot, have criticized them (see, for example, Ferndiand Lot, ''Etude sur le Lancelot en prose'' (1918), (p.11 )).〕 (one sometimes distinguishes a first section, "En la marche de Gaulle"; followed by the "Galehaut" section; the section of the "Knight of the Cart" (also called the "Meleagant" section) and its sequel; and the "Agravain" section〔See "The Lancelot-Grail Project", ().〕), Agravain has given his name to the last section -- roughly the last third of the ''Lancelot'', up to the ''Quest of the Holy Grail'' -- which begins "Here the story says that after Agravain had left his companions..." and proceeds to relate an adventure by Agravain.〔In the Norris J. Lacy edition, this corresponds to ''Lancelot'' parts V and VI, which begins at chapter 141; in the Micha edition, this corresponds to IV:LXX; in Sommer V:3-9.〕 The division at this point is arbitrary and doesn't correspond to thematic or narrative logic; and despite giving his name to the section, Agravain plays only a minor role in the subsequent tales.〔Lot, ''ibid.'' ().〕
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