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''Ahkam'' ((アラビア語:أحكام) plural of ''Hukm'' ) is a reference to the Islamic commandments, derived and understood from religious jurisprudence resources ((アラビア語:مَنَابِعُ الفِقْهِ)). A law, value, ordinance or ruling of Shari'ah (Islamic law). In order to arrive at any new legal doctrine, or ''hukm'', one must employ a systematic methodology by which to extract meaning from the sources. Traditionally, this methodology has been categorized under the rules of ijtihad (independent reasoning, authentic scholarly endeavor).〔''Islamic Legal Interpretation'', Harvard University Press, 1996.〕 In the Qur'ann, ''hukm'' denotes arbitration, judgement, authority, and Allah's will. Following the passing of Muhammad, with no central legal power in the post-Medina Muslim society, the noun acquired new meanings over time, with ''hukm'' coming to refer to temporal executive rule or to a court decision and the plural, ''ahkam'', referring to specific Quranic rules, positive fiqh laws derived from Islamic legal methodology, and rules or edicts. Early in Muslim history, the Kharijites' declaration to accept only the ''hukm'' of Allah (Arabic: حُكْمُ اللّهِ ) gave the word a political connotation. == Ahkam pentad == The acts of a Muslim must be done according to Islamic commandments, categorized in five groups, forming a pentad or ''al-ʾaḥkām al-khamsa'' (الأحكام الخمسة). Actions are evaluated and placed in one of these five categories and permitted or prohibited as appropriate to culture and the dictates of Islamic jurisprudence. According to Islamic terminology the pentad consists of: # واجب / فرض (farḍ/wājib) - Compulsory, obligatory # مستحب (mustaḥabb)/Sunnah) - recommended, also known as ''fadilah'', ''mandub'' # مباح (mubāḥ) - neither obligatory, recommended, disliked, nor sinful (neutral) # مكروه (makrūh) - disliked, abominable (abstaining is recommended) # حرام (ḥarām) - sinful (abstaining is obligatory) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ahkam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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