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Ahupuaa is an old Hawaii term for a large traditional socioeconomic, geologic, and climatic subdivision of land (comparable to the tapere in the Southern Cook Islands). ==History== The traditional subdivision system has four hierarchical levels: *''mokupuni'' (whole island) *''moku'' (largest subdivisions of an island) *''ahupuaa'' *''ili'' (two or three per ahupuaa, but Kahoolawe for example had eight ''ili'') Some oral history relates that 'Umi-a-Liloa, son of the great High Chief Liloa, took control of the land and divided it into ahupua'a.〔"Ulukau: From the Mountains to the Seas - Early Hawaiian Life" http://ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0english-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.5&toc=0, Kamehameha Schools Hawaiian Studies Institute, 1994. Retrieved on 13 November 2011.〕 However, there is also a general belief that the natural organization of communities along stream systems is the foundation for the system, whose community governance system of Kānāwai is often attributed specifically to shared water usage. The Hawaiians maintained an agricultural system that contained two major classes; irrigated and rain-fed systems. In the irrigated systems the Hawaiians grew mostly taro (kalo) and in the rain-fed systems they grew mostly uala (sweet potatoes), yams, and dryland taro in addition to other small crops.〔The Ahupua’a of Puanui: A Resource for Understanding Hawaiian Rain-fed Agriculture by Aurora K. Kagawa and Peter M. Vitouse http://www.pacificscience.files.wordpress.com Retrieved November 13, 2011〕 This dryland cultivation was also known as the mala. It also consisted of (Kalo) Taro, (Niu) coconuts, (ulu) breadfruit, (Maia) bananas, and (Ko) sugar cane. The Kukui tree was sometimes used as a shade to protect the mala from the sun.〔"Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaii," http://www.canoeplants.com/contents.html, Lynton Dove White, 1994, 13 November 2011.〕 Each crop was carefully placed in an area that was most suitable to its needs.〔Tracie Losch, Momi Kamahele, "Hawaii: Center of the Pacific" (Pearl City: University of Hawaii Leeward Community College, 2008), 241.〕 Hawaiians raised dogs, chickens, and pigs that were domesticated. They also made use of personal gardens at their own houses. Water was a very important part of Hawaiian life; it was used not only for fishing, bathing, drinking, and gardening, but also for aquaculture systems in the rivers and at the shore’s edge.〔 The ahupuaa consisted most frequently of a slice of an island that went from the top of the local mountain (volcano) to the shore, often following the boundary of a stream drainage. Each ahupuaa included a lowland ''mala'' (cultivated area) and upland forested region.〔Losch, Tracie, and Momi Kamahele, "Hawaii: Center of the Pacific" (Pearl City: University of Hawaii Leeward Community College, 2008)〕 Ahupuaa varied in size depending on the economic means of the location and political divisions of the area. “As the native Hawaiians used the resources within their 'ahupua'a, they practiced aloha (respect), laulima (cooperation), and malama (stewardship) which resulted in a desirable pono (balance)”. The Hawaiians believed that the land, the sea, the clouds and all of nature had a certain interconnectedness which is why they used all of the resources around them to reach the desired balance in life.〔Ahupuaa: Sustainability by Carlos Andrade Retrieved November 12, 2011 http://www.hawaii.edu/environment/ainakumuwai/html/sustainability.htm〕 Sustainability was maintained by the konohiki and kahuna: priests, who restricted the fishing of certain species during specific seasons. They also regulated the gathering of plants.〔"Ahupuaa," http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&CategoryID=299, hawaiihistory.org, 2011. Retrieved on 13 November 2011.〕 Ahupuaa is derived from Hawaiian language ''ahu'', meaning "heap" or "cairn", and ''puaa'', pig. The boundary markers for ahupuaa were traditionally heaps of stones used to put offers to the island chief, which was often a pig. Each ahupua’a was divided into smaller sections called ‘ili and the ‘ili were divided into kuleana’s. These were plots of land that were cultivated by the common people. These people paid weekly labor taxes to the land overseer. These taxes went to support the chief.〔 There may have been two reasons for this kind of subdivision: *travel: in many areas of Hawaii, it is easier to travel up- and downstream than from stream valley to stream valley *economy: having all climate zones and economic exploitation zones in each land division ensured that each could be self-sufficient for a large portion of its needs. Each ahupuaa was ruled by an ''ali`i'' or local chief and administered by a ''konohiki''.〔 (HawaiiHistory.org: Ahupuaa )〕 Rule over an ahupuaa was given out by the ruling chief to subordinate members of the alii. On the larger mountains of Maui and Hawaii, smaller ahupuaa extended up to about 6,000-8,000 feet elevation, while the higher elevations of an entire district would be included within a single large ahupuaa. These ahupuaa, such as Kaohe, Keauhou, Kapāpala, Keaau, Keanae, Puu Waawaa, and Humuula, were highly valued both for their size and because they allowed control over items obtainable only from high-elevation areas, such as high-quality stone for tools and uau (Hawaiian petrel) chicks. They were given to high-ranking alii, or often retained by the high chief personally. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ahupuaa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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