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Ajivika () is one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy.〔Natalia Isaeva (1993), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791412817, pages 20-23〕 Founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosala, it was a śramaṇa movement and a major rival of early Buddhism and Jainism.〔Jeffrey D Long (2009), Jainism: An Introduction, Macmillan, ISBN 978-1845116255, page 199〕 Ājīvikas were organised renunciates who formed discrete communities.〔 Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy once existed, but these are unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Indian literature.〔 Scholars question whether Ājīvika philosophy has been fairly and completely summarized in these secondary sources, written by competing and adversarial philosophies to Ajivikas.〔 The Ājīvika school is known for its ''Niyati'' doctrine of absolute determinism, the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles.〔〔 Ājīvika considered the karma doctrine as a fallacy.〔 Ajivika metaphysics included a theory of atoms similar to the Vaisheshika school, where everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces.〔AL Basham (2009), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas - a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812048, pages 262-270〕 Ājīvikas were atheists〔Johannes Quack (2014), The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199644650, page 654〕 and rejected the authority of the Vedas, but they believed that in every living being is an ''ātman'' – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism.〔Analayo (2004), Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization, ISBN 978-1899579549, pages 207-208〕〔AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas - a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812048, pages 240-261, 270-273〕 Founded in what is now the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, Ājīvika reached the height of its popularity during the rule of the Mauryan emperor Bindusara around the 4th century BCE. This school of philosophy thereafter declined, but survived for nearly 2,000 years through the 14th century CE in the southern Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.〔〔〔Arthur Basham and Kenneth Zysk (1991), The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195073492, Chapter 4〕 The Ājīvika philosophy, along with the Cārvāka philosophy, appealed most to the warrior, industrial and mercantile classes of ancient Indian society.〔DM Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812932, pages 39-40〕 ==Etymology== Ajivika (''Ājīvika'', Sanskrit: आजीविक) is derived from the root Ajiva (''Ājīva'', आजीव) which literally means "livelihood, lifelong, mode of life".〔(AjIvika ) Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany〕〔A Hoernle, , Editor: James Hastings, Charles Scribner & Sons, Edinburgh, pages 259-268〕 The term ''Ajivika'' means "those following special rules with regard to Iivelihood", sometimes connoting "religious mendicants" in ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts.〔Natalia Isaeva (1993), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791412817, pages 20-23〕〔AL Basham (2009), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas - a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812048, Chapter 1〕 The name ''Ajivika'' for an entire philosophy resonates with its core belief in "no free will" and complete ''niyati'', literally "inner order of things, self-command, predeterminism", leading to the premise that good simple living is not a means to salvation or moksha, just a means to true livelihood, predetermined profession and way of life.〔〔Jarl Charpentier (July 1913), (Ajivika ), The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, pages 669-674〕 The name came to imply that school of Indian philosophy which lived a good simple mendicant-like livelihood for its own sake and as part of its predeterministic beliefs, rather than for the sake of after-life or motivated by any soteriological reasons.〔〔 Some scholars spell Ajivika as Ajivaka.〔John R Hinnells (1995), (Ajivaka ), A New Dictionary of Religions, Wiley-Blackwell Reference, ISBN 978-0631181392〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ājīvika」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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