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Ajtony, also Ahtum or Achtum ((ブルガリア語:Охтум), (ハンガリー語:Ajtony), (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Ahtum), (セルビア語:Ахтум)), was a ruler in the territory now known as Banat (in present-day Romania and Serbia) in the first decades of the 11th century. The main source of his life is the longer version of the ''Life of St Gerard'', a 14th-century hagiography. Ajtony was a powerful ruler who owned many horses, cattle and sheep. He was baptised according to the Orthodox rite in Vidin. Ajtony levied tax on the salt transferred to King Stephen I of Hungary on the Mureș River. The king sent Csanád, who had been the commander-in-chief of Ajtony's army, against Ajtony at the head of a large army. Csanád defeated and killed Ajtony and occupied his realm. In the same territory, at least one county and a Roman Catholic diocese were established. Historians have not agreed the exact date of Ajtony's defeat: it may have occurred in 1002 or 1008 or between 1027 and 1030. Ajtony's ethinicity is also subject to debates among historians: he may have been Hungarian, Kabar, Pecheneg or Romanian. In Romanian historiography, he is regarded as the last member of a Romanian ruling family founded by Glad, who had been the lord of Banat around 900, according to the ''Gesta Hungarorum'', a chronicle of debated credibility. ==Background== The Magyars, or Hungarians, who had dwelled in the Pontic steppes for decades, invaded the Carpathian Basin after a coalition of Bulgarians and Pechenegs defeated them around 895. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote that the seven Magyar tribes formed a confederation together with the Kabars. The latter had originally lived within the Khazar Khaganate but rebelled against the Khazars and joined the Magyars in the Pontic steppes. According to Regino of Prüm, Constantine Porphyrogenitus and other contemporaneous sources, the Magyars fought against the Bavarians, Bulgarians, Carinthians, Franks, and Moravians. Among the conquering Magyars' opponents, the same sources mentioned many local rulers, including Svatopluk I of Moravia, Luitpold of Bavaria, and Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia. Instead of these people, the ''Gesta Hungarorum''the earliest extant Hungarian chronicle which was written after 1150wrote of Glad, the lord of the lands between the rivers Danube and Mureș (now known as Banat in Romania and Serbia) and other local rulers who had not been mentioned in earlier primary sources. Accordingly, the credibility of the reports of the ''Gesta'' of these rulers is subject to scholarly debates. For instance, Vlad Georgescu, Ioan Aurel Pop and other historians present Glad as one of the local Romanian rulers who attempted to resist the invading Hungarians, while other scholarsincluding Pál Engel and György Györffywrite that Glad is one of the dozen "imaginary figures" invented by Anonymus, the author of the ''Gesta'', who had to create enemies for the conquerors because he had no information of the exact circumstances of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. Constantine Porphyrogenitus identified "the whole settlement of Turkey" (that is Hungary) with the regions of five riversCriș, Mureș, Timiș, Tisza, and the unidentified "Toutis"〔''Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio'' (ch. 40), pp. 177-179.〕around 950, showing that the lands east of the Tisza were controlled by the Hungarians around 950. The emperor seems to have received information of the situation in the Carpathian Basin from Termatzus, Bulcsú and Gylas, three Hungarian chieftains who visited Constantinople in the mid-10th century. Bulcsú and Gylas were baptised during their visit, according to the Byzantine historian John Skylitzes. Bulcsú, Skylitzes continued, "violated his contract with God and often invaded" the Byzantine Empire even thereafter, but Gylas "remained faithful to Christianity",〔''John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057'' (ch. 9.5), p.231.〕 making no further inroads against the empire. One Hierotheos who was consencrated bishop for the Hungarians accompanied Gylas to his land where he "converted many from the barbaric fallacy to Christianity",〔 according to Skylitzes. Most 10th-century Byzantine coins, pectoral crosses and other artifacts have been unearthed in the wider region of the confluence of the rivers Tisza and Mureș, especially in the Banat. Accordingly, Tudor Sălăgean, Florin Curta and other historians say that the lands subjected to Gylas's rule must have been located in these territories, but their theory have not been universally accepted. In contrast with Gylas, who opted for the Eastern Orthodox form of Christianity, Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians preferred the Western Church. A cleric who came from the Holy Roman Empire (according to most scholars, one Bruno from the Abbey of Saint Gall) baptised him in the 970s. Thietmar of Merseburg and other 11th-century authors emphasized that Géza had been a cruel ruler, suggesting that the unification of the Hungarian chieftains' lands began under his rule. Géza was succeeded by his son, Stephen, who was crowned the first king of Hungary in 1000 or 1001. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ajtony」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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