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Akanye
Akanye or akanje〔Bethin, Christina Yurkiw. 1998. ''Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 152 ff.〕 ((ロシア語:аканье), (:ˈakənʲjɪ)) is a phonological phenomenon in Slavic languages in which the phoneme or is realized as more or less close to . It is a case of vowel reduction. The most familiar example is probably Russian akanye (pronounced but not represented orthographically in the standard language). Akanye is also found in standard Belarusian (represented orthographically) as well as in northern (Polissian) Ukrainian dialects, Slovene dialects (e.g., Lower Carniolan dialects),〔Toporišič, Jože. 1992. ''Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika''. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 2.〕 some subgroups of the Kajkavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian dialects (e.g., the Rhodope dialects, including the Smolyan dialect).〔Crosswhite, Katherine. 2001. ''Vowel reduction in optimality theory.'' London: Routledge, p. 53.〕
== Description ==
In Russian (except for Northern dialects), and phonetically merge in unstressed positions. If not preceded by a palatalized (soft) consonant, these phonemes give in most varieties of Russian (see vowel reduction in Russian for details); this reduction is not considered a manifestation of akanye.
Belarusian ''аканне'' (akanne), unlike Russian akanye, affects also softened vowels (including phonemes other than and ) and produces sounds like []; see Belarusian phonology.
Slovene ''akanje'' may be partial (affecting only syllables before or after the stressed vowel) or complete (affecting all vowels in a word).〔 Examples from various Slovene dialects: ''domú'' → ''damú'' 'at home' (pretonic ''o''),〔 ''dnò'' → ''dnà'' 'bottom' (tonic ''o''),〔Ramovš, Fran. 1936. ''Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika. I.'' Ljubljana: Akademska založba, pp. 233–235.〕 ''léto'' → ''líəta'' (posttonic ''o''),〔 ''ne vém'' → ''na vém'' 'I don't know' (pretonic ''e''),〔 ''hléb'' → ''hlàb'' 'loaf' (tonic ''e''),〔 ''jêčmen'' → ''jèčman'' 'barley' (posttonic ''e'').〔
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