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The Ağ Qoyunlu or Ak Koyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans (アゼルバイジャン語:Ağqoyunlu), (トルクメン語:Akgoýunly), Persian: ''آق قویونلو'' or ''آغ قویونلو''), was a Sunni〔 Azerbaijani Oghuz Turkic tribal federation that ruled present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, Eastern Turkey, part of Iran, and northern Iraq from 1378 to 1501.〔http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aq-qoyunlu-confederation〕 ==History== According to chronicles from the Byzantine Empire, the ''Ag Qoyunlu'' are first attested in the district of Bayburt south of the Pontic mountains from at least 1340s, and most of their leaders, including the dynasty's founder, Azerbaijani Turk Qara Osman, married Byzantine princesses.〔Robert MacHenry. ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993, ISBN 0-85229-571-5, p. 184.〕 The Ak Koyunlu Turkomans first acquired land in 1402, when Timur granted them all of Diyar Bakr in present-day Turkey. For a long time, the Ak Koyunlu were unable to expand their territory, as the rival Kara Koyunlu or "Black Sheep Turkomans" kept them at bay. However, this changed with the rule of Uzun Hassan, who defeated the Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahān Shāh in 1467. After the defeat of a Timurid leader, Abu Sa'id, Uzun Hassan was able to take Baghdad along with territories around the Persian Gulf. He expanded into Iran as far east as Khorasan. However, around this time, the Ottoman Empire sought to expand eastwards, a serious threat that forced the Ak Koyunlu into an alliance with the Karamanids of central Anatolia. As early as 1464, Uzun Hassan had requested military aid from one of the Ottoman Empire's strongest enemies, Venice, however, despite Venetian promises, this aid never arrived, and as a result, Uzun Hassan was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Otlukbeli in 1473, though this did not destroy the Ak Koyunlu. When Uzun Hassan died early in 1478, he was succeeded by his son Khalil Mirza (Sultan Khalil), but the latter was defeated by a confederation under his younger brother Ya'qub at the Battle of Khoy in July.〔Woods, John E. (1999) ''The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire,'' University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, p. 128, ISBN 0-87480-565-1〕 Ya'qub, who reigned from 1478 to 1490, sustained the dynasty for a while longer. However, during the first four years of his reign there were seven pretenders to the throne who had to be put down.〔Woods, John E. (1999) ''The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire,'' University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, p. 125, ISBN 0-87480-565-1〕 Following Ya'qub's death, civil war again erupted, the Ak Koyunlus destroyed themselves from within, and they ceased to be a threat to their neighbors. The Safavids, who were Shi'i Muslims, began to undermine the allegiance of many Ak Koyunlu. The Safavids and the Ak Koyunlu met in battle at Nakhchivan in 1501, and the Safavid leader Ismail I forced the Ak Koyunlu to withdraw. In his retreat from the Safavids, the Ak Koyunlu leader Alwand destroyed an autonomous splinter Ak Koyunlu state in Mardin. The last Ak Koyunlu leader, Murad, brother of Alwand, was also defeated by the same Safavid leader. Though Murād briefly established himself in Baghdad in 1501, he soon withdrew back to Diyar Bakr, signaling the end of the Ak Koyunlu rule. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ag Qoyunlu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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