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Al-Asmaʿi ((アラビア語:أبو سعيد عبد الملك ابن قريب الأصمعي), ''ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Quraib al-Aṣmaʿī ''; -828), also known as Asmai and As-Asmaʿi, was an Arab scholar, philologist and anthologist. He was one of the earliest Arabic lexicographers and one of the three leaders of the Basra school of Arabic grammar.〔Kees Versteegh, ''Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking'', pg. 110. Volume 7 of Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1977. ISBN 9789004048553〕〔(al-Aṣmaʿī ), Encyclopædia Britannica Online.〕〔"Asma i, al-" in ''Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature'', pg. 78. Merriam-Webster, 1995. ISBN 9780877790426〕〔Kees Versteegh, ''The Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 25. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 9780415157575〕 He was also a pioneer of natural science and zoology.〔Housni Alkhateeb Shehada, ''Mamluks and Animals: Veterinary Medicine in Medieval Islam'', pg. 132. Volume 11 of Sir Henry Wellcome Asian Series. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012. ISBN 9789004234055〕 He is considered as the first Muslim scientist to study animals in detail. He wrote many works such as: ''Kitab al-Khail'' (The Book of the Horse), ''Kitab al-Ibil'' (The Book of the Camel), ''Kitab al-Farq'' (The Book of Rare Animals), ''Kitab al-Wuhush'' (The Book of Wild Animals), ''Kitab al-Sha'' (The Book of the Sheep) and ''Kitab Khalaq al-Insan'' (The Book of Humanity). He also provides detailed information on human anatomy and was credited with composing an epic on the life of Antarah ibn Shaddad. ==Life== Al-Asmaʿi was born in 740, though his exact place of birth has been disputed. Some authors have reported his birthplace as Basra in what is now Iraq, while others have listed it as Merv in what is now Turkmenistan.〔Ludwig W. Adamec, (The A to Z of Islam ), pg. 43. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 2009. ISBN 9780810871601〕 Whatever the case, during his life al-Asmaʿi was undoubtedly a representative of the Basran school of Arabic grammar, and was a pupil there of Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi and Abu 'Amr ibn al-'Ala',〔 as well as a contemporary of Abu ʿUbaidah and Sibawayhi.〔Anwar G. Chejne, ''The Arabic Language: Its Role in History'', pg. 43. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969. ISBN 9780816657254〕〔M.G. Carter, Sibawayh, pg. 22. Part of the Makers of Islamic Civilization series. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004. ISBN 9781850436713〕 He seems to have been a poor man until by the influence of the governor of Basra he was brought to the notice of Harun al-Rashid, who enjoyed his conversation at court and made him tutor of his sons Al-Amin and Al-Ma'mun.〔〔 Al-Rashid, who suffered from insomnia, once held an all-night discussion with al-Asmaʿi on pre-Islamic and early Arabic poetry.〔Wen-chin Ouyang, ''Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic-Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition'', pg. 81. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997. ISBN 9780748608973〕 Al-Asmaʿ proved popular with the influential Barmakid viziers as well.〔 He became wealthy and acquired property in Basra, where he again settled for a time. Al-Asmaʿi died in the year 828, though the exact location is, again, a matter of dispute; some have listed the place of death as Baghdad, while others claim he had returned to Merv at that time.〔 Al-Asmaʿi was also a student of language and a critic, his book ''Fuhulat'' having been one of the first works of Arabic literary criticism.〔G. J. H. Van Gelder, ''Beyond the Line: Classical Arabic Literary Critics on the Coherence and Unity of the Poem'', pg. 2. Volume 8 of Studies in arabic literature: Supplements to the Journal of Arabic Literature. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1982. ISBN 9789004068544〕 It was as a critic that he was the great rival of Abu ʿUbaidah. Whereas the latter, a member of the Shu'ubiyya movement, esteemed non-Arabic (chiefly Persian) culture, al-Asmaʿi believed in the superiority of the Arabs over all peoples, and of the freedom of their language and literature from all foreign influence. Some of his scholars attained high rank as literary men. Due to his intense interest in cataloging the Arabic language, he spent a period of time roaming the desert with Bedouin tribes in order to observe their speech patterns.〔 In one incident recounted by numerous historians, the Caliph al-Rashid brought forth a horse and asked both al-Asmaʿi and Abu 'Ubaida (who had also written extensively about zoology) to identify the correct terms for each part of the horse's anatomy. Abu 'Ubaida excused himself from the challenge, saying that he was a linguist and anthologist rather than a veterinarian; al-Asmaʿi then leaped onto the horse, identified every part of its body and gave examples from Bedouin Arab poetry establishing the terms as proper Arabic vocabulary.〔 Yahya, a Barmakid vizier of the Caliph, took pity on al-Asmaʿi, who was a perennial bachelor and was not considered to be a handsome man. Yahya attempted to buy al-Asmaʿi a slave girl, but she was so repulsed by al-Asmaʿi's appearance that Yahya bought her back due to her rejection.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Al-Asma'i」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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