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Ismail al-Jazari
Badi'al-Zaman Abū al-'Izz ibn Ismā'īl ibn al-Razāz al-Jazarī (1136–1206) () was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist, and mathematician from Jazirat ibn Umar (current Cizre, Turkey), who lived during the Islamic Golden Age (Middle Ages). He is best known for writing the ''al-Jāmiʿ bayn al-ʿilm wa al-ʿamal al-nāfiʿ fī ṣināʿat al-ḥiyal'' (''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'') in 1206, where he described 100 mechanical devices, some 80 of which are trick vessels of various kinds, along with instructions on how to construct them.〔Readings in Technology and Civilization Volume I; 4th Edition〕
==Biography==
Little is known about al-Jazari, and most of that comes from the introduction to his ''Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices''. He was named after the area in which he was born (the city of Jazirat ibn Umar). Like his father before him, he served as chief engineer at the Artuklu Palace, the residence of the Mardin branch of the Artuqid dynasty which ruled across eastern Anatolia as vassals of the Zangid rulers of Mosul and later Ayyubid general Saladin.〔Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", ''Scientific American'', May 1991, pp. 64-9 (cf. Donald Routledge Hill, (Mechanical Engineering ))〕 He was born in the city of Tor,〔(Bavê zanistiya robot û sîbernîteyê El Cizîrî )〕 now located in the district of Cizre in south-Eastern Turkey.
al-Jazari was part of a tradition of craftsmen and was thus more of a practical engineer than an inventor〔Donald R. Hill, in ''Dictionary of scientific biography'', 15, suppl. I, p. 254.〕 who appears to have been "more interested in the craftsmanship necessary to construct the devices than in the technology which lay behind them" and his machines were usually "assembled by trial and error rather than by theoretical calculation." His ''Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'' appears to have been quite popular as it appears in a large number of manuscript copies, and as he explains repeatedly, he only describes devices he has built himself. According to Mayr, the book's style resembles that of a modern "do-it-yourself" book.〔pp. 32–33, ''The Origins of Feedback Control'', Otto Mayr, MIT Press, 1970, ISBN 0-262-13067-X.〕
Some of his devices were inspired by earlier devices, such as one of his monumental water clocks, which was based on that of a Pseudo-Archimedes.〔Ahmad Y Hassan, (al-Jazari And the History of the Water Clock )〕 He also cites the influence of the Banu Musa brothers for his fountains, al-Asturlabi for the design of a candle clock, and Hibat Allah ibn al-Husayn (d. 1139) for musical automata. Al-Jazari goes on to describe the improvements he made to the work of his predecessors, and describes a number of devices, techniques and components that are original innovations which do not appear in the works by his precessors.
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