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Mosul (; (アラビア語:الموصل) '; (クルド語: مووسڵ) ''Mûsil''; North Mesopotamian Arabic: '; '; (トルコ語:Musul)), is a city of normally about two and a half million people (2014 est.) in northern Iraq, occupied since 10 June 2014 by the Islamic State salafi-jihadi militant group and therefore a major city in the self-declared Daesh Caliphate. Mosul is completely governed by the Daesh Caliphate headquartered in Al-Raqqah, Syria since the predominantly Shia-Muslim led government of Iraq in June 2015, stopped paying salaries (that ISIL allegedly exploited by stealing a generous percentage) which it had previously paid to city workers including nurses, doctors, supply and services workers, road repair workers, waste management workers and other infrastructure roles. Located some north of Baghdad, the original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has grown to encompass substantial areas on both the "Left Coast" (east side) and the "Right Coast" (west side) as the two banks are described in the local language. In the early 21st century, the majority of Mosul's population was Arab, with Assyrian, Iraqi Turkmen, Yazidis and Kurdish minorities. The city's population grew rapidly around the turn of the millennium and by 2004 was estimated to be 1,846,500. An estimated half million persons fled Mosul in the second half of 2014, and while some returned, more fled in 2015 as ISIL violence in the city worsened. Historically, an important product of the area is Mosul marble and oil. The Islamic State is alleged to be making significant sums of money selling oil and automotive petrol to the inhabitants of Mosul as well as exporting oil products. The demonym for inhabitants of Mosul is "Moslawi". Many participated in vigilante resistance actions against ISIL and many have been killed for these actions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mosul–in the Eyes of Mosul, Iraq RSAC Nurses. اليوم قادم. )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Mosul resistance group kills 23 Saudi fighters )〕 The city of Mosul is home to the University of Mosul and its renown Medical College, which together was one of the largest educational and research centres in Iraq and the Middle East. The University has since been closed but at the choice of the Islamic State's leadership in Mosul, the Medical College remains open but barely functional. Until 2014 the city was a historic centre for the Nestorian Christianity of the Assyrians, containing the tombs of several Old Testament prophets such as Jonah which was destroyed by the Islamic State occupation army in July, 2014.〔 〕 ==Etymology== The name of the city is first mentioned by Xenophon in his expeditionary logs of 401 BC, during the reign of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty in this region.. There, he notes a small town of "Mépsila" () on the Tigris somewhere about where modern Mosul is today (''Anabasis'', III.iv.10). It may be safer to identify Xenophon's ''Mépsila'' with the site of Iski Mosul, or "Old Mosul", about north of modern Mosul, where six centuries after Xenophon's report, the Sasanian Persian center of Budh-Ardhashīr was built. Be that as it may, the name Mepsila is doubtless the root for the modern name. In its current Islamic form and spelling, the term Mosul, or rather "Mawsil", stands for the "linking point" – or loosely, the ''Junction City'', in Arabic. Mosul should not be confused with the ancient Assyrian capital of Nineveh which is located across the Tigris from Mosul on the eastern bank, at the famed archaeological mound of Kuyunjik (Turkoman for "sheep's hill"). This area is better known today as the town of Nebi Yunus ("prophet Jonah") and is almost entirely populated by Kurds, which makes it the only fully-Kurdish neighborhood in Mosul. The site contains the tomb of the Biblical Jonah, as he lived and died there, in the then capital of ancient Assyria. Today, this entire area has been absorbed into the Mosul metropolitan area. The surviving "Assyrians" refer to the entire city of Mosul as ''Nineveh'' (or rather, Ninweh). The ancient Nineveh gave its place to Mepsila after its violent fall to the Babylonians, Medes, and the Iranic Sagartians in 612 BCE. Xenophon makes no mention of Nineveh in 401 BC. Mosul is also named ''al-Faiha'' ("the Paradise"), ''al-Khaḍrah'' ("the Green") and ''al-Hadbah'' ("the Humped"). It is sometimes described as "The Pearl of the North"〔(Mosul, Iraq ) from AtlasTours.net〕 and "the city of a million soldiers". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mosul」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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