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Syria (region)
The historic region of Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: ''Sura/i''; ; in modern literature called Greater Syria, Syria-Palestine, or inaccurately, the Levant) is an area located east of the Mediterranean sea. The oldest attestation of the name Syria is from the 8th century BC in a bilingual inscription in Hieroglyphic Luwian and Phoenician. In this inscription the Luwian word ''Sura/i'' was translated to Phoenician ''ʔšr'' "Assyria."〔Robert Rollinger (2006), ''The terms “Assyria” and “Syria” Again''〕 For Herodotus in the 5th century BC, Syria extended as far north as the Halys river and as far south as Arabia and Egypt. For Pliny the Elder and Pomponius Mela, Syria covered the entire Fertile Crescent. In Late Antiquity Syria meant a region located to the East of the Mediterranean Sea, West of the Euphrates River, North of the Arabian Desert and South of the Taurus Mountains,〔(The Middle East and North Africa: 2004, Routledge ), page 1015: "Syria"〕 thereby including modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, the State of Palestine and parts of Southern Turkey namely the Hatay Province and the Western half of the Southeastern Anatolia Region. This late definition is equivalent to the region known in Classical Arabic by the name ''ash-Shām'' الشام ,〔Article "AL-SHĀM" by C.E. Bosworth, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Volume 9 (1997), page 261.〕 which means ''the north ()''〔 (from the root ''šʔm'' شأم "left, north"). After the Islamic conquest of Byzantine Syria in the 7th century AD, the name ''Syria'' fell out of primary use in the region itself, being superseded by the Arabic equivalent ''Shām'', but survived in its original sense in Byzantine and Western European usage, and in Syriac Christian literature.〔 In the 19th century the name Syria was revived in its modem Arabic form to denote the whole of Bilad al-Sham, either as ''Suriyah'' or the modern form ''Suriyya'', which eventually replaced the Arabic name of Bilad al-Sham.〔 After World War I, the name Syria was applied to the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and the contemporaneous but short-lived Arab Kingdom of Syria.
Throughout history, the region has been controlled by numerous different peoples, including Ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, the Sunni Arab Caliphates, the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mameluks, Ottomans, the British and the French.
The boundaries of the region have changed throughout history, and were last defined in modern times by the proclamation of the short lived Arab Kingdom of Syria and subsequent definition by French and British mandatory agreement. The area was passed to French and British Mandates following WWI and divided into Greater Lebanon, various Syrian-mandate states, Mandatory Palestine and Transjordan. The Syrian-mandate states were gradually unified as the State of Syria and finally became the independent Syria in 1946. Throughout this period, pan-Syrian nationalists advocated for the creation of a Greater Syria.
==Etymology==
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