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|established_event1 = Administrative separation from mainland Normandy |established_date1 = 1204 |area_rank = |area_magnitude = |area_km2 = |area_sq_mi = 3 |percent_water = |population_estimate = 1,903 |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = 800 |population_density_rank = |currency = Pound sterlinga |currency_code = GBP |time_zone = GMT |utc_offset = |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +1 |calling_code = +44 1481 |cctld = .gg |footnote_a = Local coinage is issued, including the pound note (see Alderney pound). }} Alderney (; (フランス語:Aurigny) (:oʁiɲi); Auregnais: ''Aoeur'gny'') is the most northerly of the Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown dependency. It is long and wide. The area is , making it the third-largest island of the Channel Islands, and the second largest in the Bailiwick. It is around to the west of La Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, in France, to the north-east of Guernsey and from the south coast of Great Britain. It is the closest of the Channel Islands to both France and the United Kingdom. It is separated from Cap de la Hague by the dangerous Alderney Race (French: ''Raz Blanchard''). As of April 2013, the island has a population of 1,903 people and they are traditionally nicknamed ''vaques''〔''Dictionnaire Jersiais-Français'', 1966; ''Customs, Ceremonies & Traditions of the Channel Islands'', Lemprière, 1976, ISBN 0-7091-5842-4〕 after the cows, or else ''lapins''〔''Dictionnaire Jersiais-Français'', 1966〕 after the many rabbits seen in the island. Formally, they are known as Ridunians, from the Latin ''Riduna''. The only parish of Alderney is the parish of St Anne, which covers the whole island. The main town, St Anne, historically known as "''La Ville''", (or "Town" in English), is often referred to as "St Anne's" by visitors and incomers, but rarely by locals (who, in normal conversation, still most frequently refer to the area centred on Victoria St simply as "Town"). The town's "High St", which formerly had a small handful of shops, is now almost entirely residential, crossing Victoria St at its highest point, forming a T-junction. The town area features an imposing church and an unevenly cobbled main street: Victoria Street (Rue Grosnez – the English name being adopted on the visit of Queen Victoria in 1854. There is a primary school, a secondary school a post office, and hotels, as well as restaurants, banks and shops. Other settlements include Braye, Crabby, Longis, Mannez, La Banquage and Newtown. == History == Alderney shares a history with the other Channel Islands, becoming an island in the Neolithic period as the waters of the Channel rose. Formerly rich in dolmens, like the other Channel Islands, Alderney with its heritage of megaliths has suffered through the large-scale military constructions of the 19th century and also by the Germans during the World War II occupation, who left the remains at Les Pourciaux unrecognisable as dolmens. A cist survives near Fort Tourgis, and Longis Common has remains of an Iron Age site. There are traces of Roman occupation〔''A Visitor's Guide to Guernsey, Alderney and Sark", Victor Coysh, 1983 ISBN 0-86190-084-7〕 including a fort, built in the late 300s, at above the island's only natural harbour.〔Alderney ruin found to be Roman fort 25 November 2011 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-guernsey-15888516 accessed 7 December 2011〕〔ALDERNEY’S ‘SHORE FORT’. Nicholas Hogben."My best guess is that the outer structure was constructed in the second half of the third century or later by the Roman navy around an existing combined harbour master's and revenue office, perhaps to protect it, and hence the island, from the ‘pirates’ that Carausius hunted." THE ASSOCIATION FOR ROMAN ARCHAEOLOGY Newsletter no. 23, not dated. http://www.associationromanarchaeology.org/ARA%20Newsletter23.part2.pdf〕 The etymology of the Island's name is obscure. It is known in Latin as ''Riduna'' but as with the names of all the Channel Islands in the Roman period there is a degree of confusion. ''Riduna'' may be the original name of Tatihou, while Alderney is conjectured to be identified with ''Sarnia''. ''Alderney''/''Aurigny'' is variously supposed to be a Germanic or Celtic name. It may be a corruption of ''Adreni'' or ''Alrene'', which is probably derived from an Old Norse word meaning "island near the coast". Alternatively it may derive from three Norse elements: ''alda'' (swelling wave, roller), ''renna'' (strong current, race) and ''öy'' or ''-ey'' (island). Alderney may be mentioned in Paul the Deacon's ''Historia Langobardorum'' (I.6) as 'Evodia' in which he discussed a certain dangerous whirlpool. The name 'Evodia' may in turn originate from the seven 'Haemodae' of uncertain identification in Pliny's Natural History (IV 16 (30) or Pomponius Mela's Chronographia (III 6,54). Along with the other Channel Islands, Alderney was annexed by the Duchy of Normandy in 933. In 1042 William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy (later William the Conqueror, King of the English) granted Alderney to the Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel. In 1057 the bishop of Coutances took back control of the island. After 1204, when mainland Normandy was incorporated into the kingdom of France, Alderney remained loyal to the English monarch in his dignity of Duke of Normandy. Henry VIII of England undertook fortification works, but these ceased in 1554. Essex Castle perpetuates the name of the Earl of Essex, who purchased the governorship of Alderney in 1591. Prior to the Earl's execution for treason in 1601, he leased the island to William Chamberlain, and Alderney remained in the hands of the Chamberlain family until 1643. From 1612, a Judge was appointed to assist the Governor's administration of Alderney, along with the Jurats. The function of the Judge was similar to that of the Bailiffs of Guernsey and Jersey, and continued until 1949. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Alderney was held by a Parliamentary garrison under Nicholas Ling, Lieutenant-Governor. Ling built Government House (now the Island Hall). The de Carterets of Jersey acquired the governorship, later passing it to Sir Edmund Andros of Guernsey, from whom the Guernsey family of Le Mesurier inherited it, thus establishing a hereditary line of governors that lasted until 1825. Henry Le Mesurier prospered through privateering, and moved the harbour from Longis to Braye, building a jetty there in 1736. Warehouses and dwellings were built at Braye, and the export of cattle generated wealth for the economy. The Court House was built in 1770 and a school in 1790. A Methodist chapel was constructed in 1790, following John Wesley's visit in 1787. A telegraph tower was constructed above La Foulère in 1811, enabling signals to be relayed visually to Le Mât in Sark and on to Guernsey - early warning of attack during the Napoleonic Wars was of strategic importance. With the end of those wars privateering was ended and smuggling suppressed, leading to economic difficulties.〔 The last of the hereditary Governors, John Le Mesurier, resigned his patent to the Crown in 1825, and since then authority has been exercised by the States of Alderney, as amended by the constitutional settlement of 1948. The British Government decided to undertake massive fortifications in the 19th century and to create a strategic harbour to deter attacks from France.〔Davenport, T.G., Partridge CW, "The Victorian Fortification of Alderney", ''Fort'' (Fortress Study Group), 1980, (8), pp21-47〕 These fortifications were presciently described by William Ewart Gladstone as "a monument of human folly, useless to us ... but perhaps not absolutely useless to a possible enemy, with whom we may at some period have to deal and who may possibly be able to extract some profit in the way of shelter and accommodation from the ruins." An influx of English and Irish labourers, plus the sizeable British garrison stationed in the island, led to rapid Anglicization. The harbour was never completed - the remaining breakwater (designed by James Walker) is one of the island's landmarks, and is longer than any breakwater in the UK. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited Alderney on 9 August 1854.〔''Portrait of the Channel Islands'', Lemprière, London 1970〕 The Albert Memorial and the renaming of Rue Grosnez to Victoria Street commemorate this visit.〔 At the same time as the breakwater was being built in the 1850s, the island was fortified by a string of 13 forts, designed to protect the harbour of refuge. The accommodation quarters of several of the forts have been converted into apartments; two are now private homes; and one, Fort Clonque, at the end of a causeway that can be flooded at high tide, belongs to the Landmark Trust and can be rented for comfortable self-catering holidays for up to thirteen persons. Scenes from the film ''Seagulls Over Sorrento'' were shot at Fort Clonque in 1953. Some of the forts are now in varying stages of dereliction, the most ruined being Les Hommeaux Florains, perched on outlying rocks, its access causeway and bridge having been swept away long ago. Houmet Herbé resembles a Crusader castle with its squat round towers. Like many of the forts it included such apparently anachronistic features as a drawbridge and machicolation, which were still common in military architecture of the period. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alderney」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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