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Alevism
Alevism or Alevi (/'ælɛvij/, also /æˈlɛviː/ or /əˈleɪviː/, (トルコ語:Alevîlik) or (トルコ語:Anadolu Alevîliği)/Alevileri, also called as Qizilbash,〔Anadolu Kızılbaşlığı or simply Kızılbaşlık would better represent the majority of their members.〕 ''Spiritual Shiism'' or ''Shī‘ah Imāmī-Tasawwufī Ṭarīqah'')〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rumi’s Spiritual Shiism )〕 is a mystical branch of Islam whose adherents are followers of Ali, the Twelve Imams (other than Sunni Muslims who believe in the four Rashidun caliphs) and their descendant, the 13th century Alevi saint Haji Bektash Veli. Having some links with Twelver Shia Islam (like the importance of the Ahl al-Bayt, the day of Ashura, the Mourning of Muharram, commemorating Karbala, etc.), the practices of the Alevis are based on Sufi elements of the Bektashi〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BEKTĀŠĪYA )〕 ''tariqa''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Excerpts from Baba Rexheb's The Mysticism of Islam & Bektashism - The Bektashi Order of Dervishes )〕 Alevism is seen as one of the two main branches of Islam in Turkey, the other being Sunni Islam.
== Controversy regarding the definition ==
Some sources link ''Alevism'' to Shia Islam and particularly to the heterodox syncretic〔 sufi group known as the Bektashi Order. According to these sources, ''Alevism'' is closely related to Bektashism: commonalities include the veneration of the Alevi saint Haji Bektash Veli, a Turkish〔Brian Glyn Williams: Mystics, Nomads and Heretics: A History of the Diffusion of Muslim Syncretism from Central Asia to the Thirteenth-Century Turco-Byzantine Dobruca - International journal of Turkish studies, 2001 - University of Wisconsin (p. 7)〕〔Richard Robert Madden, ''The Turkish Empire:In its relations with Christianity and civilization.'', Vol.1, 335; "''...he sent them to Haji Bektash, a Turkish saint...''".〕〔Indries Shah, ''The Way of the Sufi'', 294; "''..Bektash of the Turks...''".〕〔Mark Soileau, ''Humanist Mystics:Nationalism and the commemoration of saints in Turkey'', 375; "''Haji Bektash was a Turk.''".〕〔University of Georgia, Islam and Islamic Studies Resources, ''Islamic Studies, Islam, Arabic, and Religion page of Dr. Godlas.'', "''..Haji Bektash Veli is one of the most significant Anatolian (Turkish) Sufi saints..''", http://islam.uga.edu/sufismorders.html#Bektashi.〕〔''Futuwwa Traditions in the Ottoman Empire Akhis, Bektashi Dervishes, and Craftsmen'',G. G. Arnakis, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, Oct., 1953. --"''...we see at once a man that made a lasting impression on his fellow Turks.''"〕 or Iranian〔C. Olsen: Celibacy and Religious Traditions. Oxford University Press. 1st Ed. 2007. (Pg. 143-144 )〕〔M. Kia: Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Pub Group Inc. 2011. Pg. 169: ''"The Bektashis traced the origins of their order to the Persian Sufi master Hadji Baktāsh Wālī ()"''〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tirana )〕〔R. Khanam, Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia, Global Vision Publishing Ho, 2005 (p. 142)〕〔The Harvard Theological Review, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 2, No. 3, Jul., 1909, (p. 343)〕 saint from Khorasan (modern-day Iran)〔Frances Trix, The Sufi journey of Baba Rexheb, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. (p.5)()〕 of the 13th century. Many Alevis refer to an "Alevi-Bektashi" tradition, but this identity is not universally adopted, nor is the combined name used by non-Turkish Bektashis (e.g., in the Balkans). In addition to its religious aspect, ''Alevism'' is also closely associated with Anatolian folk culture.
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