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Algorism
Algorism is the technique of performing basic arithmetic by writing numbers in place value form and applying a set of memorized rules and facts to the digits. One who practices algorism is known as an algorist. This system largely superseded earlier calculation systems that used a different set of symbols for each numerical magnitude and in some cases required a device such as an abacus.
==Etymology==
The word ''algorism'' comes from the name Al-Khwārizmī (c. 780–850), a Persian mathematician, astronomer, geographer and scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, whose name means "the native of Kharazm", a city that was part of the Greater Iran during his era and now is in modern day Uzbekistan〔〔〔 He wrote a treatise in Arabic language in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin in the 12th century under the title ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum''. This title means "Algoritmi on the numbers of the Indians", where "Algoritmi" was the translator's Latinization of Al-Khwarizmi's name.〔(Al-Khwarizmi: The Inventor of Algebra ), by Corona Brezina (2006)〕 Al-Khwarizmi was the most widely read mathematician in Europe in the late Middle Ages, primarily through his other book, the Algebra.〔(Foremost mathematical texts in history ), according to Carl B. Boyer.〕 In late medieval Latin, ''algorismus'', the corruption of his name, simply meant the "decimal number system" that is still the meaning of modern English algorism. In 17th century French the word's form, but not its meaning, changed to ''algorithm'', following the model of the word ''logarithm'', this form alluding to the ancient Greek . English adopted the French very soon afterwards, but it wasn't until the late 19th century that "algorithm" took on the meaning that it has in modern English.〔Etymology of algorithm at (Dictionary.Reference.com )〕 In English, it was first used about 1230 and then by Chaucer in 1391.〔Oxford English Dictionary (first quote ''c'' 1230 CE, Chaucer ''c'' 1391, and later quotes showing continuing usage since then)〕 Another early use of the word is from 1240, in a manual titled ''Carmen de Algorismo'' composed by Alexandre de Villedieu. It begins thus:
which translates as:
The word ''algorithm'' also derives from ''algorism'', a generalization of the meaning to any set of rules specifying a computational procedure. Occasionally ''algorism'' is also used in this generalized meaning, especially in older texts.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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