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Altungulata or Pantomesaxonia (''sensu'' and later authors) is a clade (mirorder) of ungulate mammals comprising the perissodactyls, hyracoids, and tethytheres (sirenians, proboscideans, and related extinct taxa.)〔 The name "Pantomesaxonia" was originally introduced by , a German zoologist and racial theorist. It was resurrected by by including sirenians and excluding South American ungulates, phenacodontids, and meniscotheriids from the original concept. The name "Altungulata", introduced by and revised by ,〔 was erected as an alternative because the updated concept of "Pantomesaxonia" was regarded too deviant from the original concept.〔 Both names are still in use, and, to add to the confusion, various authors assign different ranks to the involved taxa. For example, according to , Phenacodonta (Phenacodontidae and Meniscotheriidae) and Pantomesaxonia (Sirenia, Desmostylia, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, and Perissodactyla) are sister groups together making up the superorder Paenungulata. Altungulata is not supported by molecular evidence unless perissodactyls are excluded (thus dividing Altungulata into Laurasiatheria and Afrotheria), and the validity of the following uniting synapomorphies remain disputed:〔 * bilophodonty, two lophs or crests running transversally across the crown of the tooth * large third molars * molarization of posterior premolars * elongated thoracic region with at least 19 vertebrae * clavicle absent * similar development of fetal membranes ==Classification== The classification below is from . Paenungulata together with Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata, and the lipotyphlan families Tenrecidae and Chrysochloridae compose Afrotheria. :: * * * * †''Radinskya'', †''Olbitherium'' * Order Perissodactyla * * Suborder Hippomorpha * * * * Superfamily Equoidea : * * * * Equidae : * * * * †Palaeotheriidae * * Suborder Tapiromorpha : * * * * †Isectolophidae : * * Infraorder Ceratomorpha * * * * Superfamily Tapiroidea : * * * * †Helaletidae : * * * * †Deperetellidae : * * * * †Lophialetidae : * * * * Tapiridae * * * * Superfamily Rhinocerotoidea : * * * * †Hyrachyidae (Hyracodontidae?) : * * * * †Hyracodontidae : * * * * †Amynodontidae (Rhinocerotidae?) : * * * * Rhinocerotidae : * * Infraorder †Ancylopoda : * * * * †Eomoropidae : * * * * †Chalicotheriidae : * * * * †Lophiodontidae (Tapiroidea?) * * Suborder †Titanotheriomorpha * * * * Superfamily †Brontotherioidea : * * * * †Brontotheriidae (equoids) : * * * * †Anchilophidae (palaeotheriid equoids?) * Order Paenungulata (=Uranotheria) * * Suborder Hyracoidea (sister taxon of Perissodactyla?) : * * * * †Pliohyracidae : * * * * Procaviidae * * Suborder Tethytheria : * * Infraorder †Embrithopoda : * * * * †Phenacolophidae : * * * * †Arsinoitheriidae : * * Infraorder Sirenia : * * * * †Prorastomidae : * * * * †Protosirenidae (Dugongidae?) : * * * * Dugongidae : * * * * Trichechidae : * * Infraorder †Desmostylia : * * * * †Desmostylidae : * *Infraorder Proboscidea : * * * * †Anthracobunidae (tethytheres?) : * * * * †Phosphatheriidae (Numidotheriidae?) : * * * * †Numidotheriidae : * * * * †Moeritheriidae : * * * * †Barytheriidae : * * * * †Deinotheriidae : * * * * †Palaeomastodontidae : * * * * †Phiomiidae : * * * * †Hemimastodontidae : * * * * †Mammutidae : * * * * †Gomphotheriidae : * * * * Elephantidae 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Altungulata」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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