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:''This article is about the landform. For the Tamil saints, see Alvars; for the village in Armenia, see Alvar, Armenia; for the villages in Iran, see Alvar, Iran; for the architect see Alvar Aalto.'' An alvar is a biological environment based on a limestone plain with thin or no soil and, as a result, sparse grassland vegetation. Often flooded in the spring, and affected by drought in midsummer, alvars support a distinctive group of prairie-like plants. Most alvars occur either in northern Europe〔Petterson, B. 1965. Gotland and O¨ land: two limestone islands compared. Acta Phytogeographic Suecica 50: 131–140.〕 or around the Great Lakes in North America.〔Catling, P. M. and V. R. Brownell. 1995. A review of the alvars of the Great Lakes region: distribution, floristic composition, biogeography and protection. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 109: 143–171.〕 This stressed habitat supports a community of rare plants and animals, including species more commonly found on prairie grasslands. Lichen and mosses are common species. Trees and bushes are absent or severely stunted. The primary cause of alvars is the shallow exposed bedrock. Flooding and drought, as noted, add to the stress of the site and prevent many species from growing.〔 Disturbance may also play a role. In Europe, grazing is frequent, while in North America, there is some evidence that fire may also prevent encroachment by forest.〔Catling, P. M. and V.R. Brownell. 1998. Importance of fire in alvar ecosystems – evidence from the Burnt Lands, Eastern Ontario. The Canadian Field- Naturalist 112: 661–667.〕 The habitat also has strong competition gradients, with better competitors occupying the deeper soil and excluding other species to less productive locations.〔Belcher, J. W., P. A. Keddy, and L. Twolan-Strutt. 1995. Root and shoot competition intensity along a soil depth gradient. Journal of Ecology 83: 673–682.〕 Crevices in the limestone provide a distinctive habitat which is somewhat protected from grazing, and which may provide habitat for unusual ferns such as Pellaea atropurpurea. Bare rock flats provide areas with extremely low competition that serve as refugia for weak competitors such as ''Minuartia michauxii'' and ''Micranthes virginiensis''. In a representative set of four Ontario alvars, seven habitat types were described. From deep to shallow soil these were: tall grassy meadows, tall forb-rich meadows, low grassy meadows, low forb-rich meadows, dry grassland, rock margin grassland and bare rock flats.〔Belcher, J., P.A. Keddy and P.F.C. Catling. 1992. Alvar vegetation in Canada: a multivariate description at two scales. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 1279-1291.〕 Alvars comprise a small percentage of the Earth's ecosystems by land extent. Although some 120 exist in the Great Lakes region, in total there are only about left across the entire Great Lakes basin, and many of these have been degraded by agriculture and other human uses. More than half of all remaining alvars occur in Ontario. There are smaller areas in New York, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and Quebec.〔(Reschke, Carol, Ron Reid, Judith Jones, Tom Feeney, and Heather Potter. 1999. Conserving Great Lakes Alvars. Final Technical Report of the International Alvar Conservation Initiative. Alvar Working Group,The Nature Conservancy, Chicago, IL. )〕 In North America, alvars provide habitat for birds such as bobolinks, eastern meadowlarks, upland sandpipers, eastern towhees, brown thrashers and loggerhead shrikes whose habitat is declining elsewhere. Rare plants include Kalm's lobelia (''Lobelia kalmii''), Pringle's aster, juniper sedge (''Carex juniperorum''), lakeside daisy (''Hymenoxys acaulis''), ram's-head lady's-slipper (''Cypripedium arietinum'') and dwarf lake iris (''Iris lacustris''). Also associated with alvars are rare butterflies and snails.〔Catling, P.M. and Brownell, V.R. 1999. Alvars of the Great Lakes Region. p. 375-391, in R. C. Anderson, J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin (eds.) Savannas, Barrens and Rock Outcrop Communities of North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.〕 The use of the word "alvar" to refer to this type of environment originated in Scandinavia. The largest alvar in Europe is located on the Swedish island of Öland. Here the thin soil mantle is only 0.5 to 2.0 centimeters thick in most places and in many extents consists of exposed limestone slabs.〔C.M. Hogan, ''The Stora Alvaret on Öland'', Lumina Technologies, Santa Rosa, Ca. July 21, 2006〕〔''The countryside of eastern Smaland'', ed. by Markus Forslund, Kalmarsund, Tryck (1999) ISBN 91-630-7610-1〕 The landscape there has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. There are other more local names for similar landforms, such as a pavement barren although this term is also used for similar landforms based on sandstone. In the United Kingdom the exposed landform is called a limestone pavement and thinly covered limestone is known as calcareous grassland. ==European alvar locations== *Sweden * *Öland – Stora Alvaret – largest alvar extent in Europe * *Gotland * *Västergötland – several locations on limestone mountain Kinnekulle, smaller fragments on Falbygden, e.g. in Dala and Högstena parishes. *Estonia * * Alvars are distributed along the whole northern coast of Estonia from approx. the town of Paldiski to Sillamäe, wherever limestone comes to the surface near the seashore (see Baltic Klint), as well as on the islands of the West Estonian archipelago. Estonia used to be home to approximately one third of the world's alvars, however, the total area of alvars has decreased from 43,000 hectars in the 1930s to 12,000 hectars in 2000, and approximately 9,000 hectars in 2010.〔Ulvar Käärt ("Meie sümbolmaastik loopealsed on hävimas" ), ''Eesti Päevaleht'', 11-1-2010. Retrieved 11-14-2010. 〕 Estonian alvars are home to 267 species of vascular plants, approximately one fifth of which are protected. There are also 142 species of bryophytes and 263 species of lichens.〔 The Estonian government has committed itself to protect at least 9,800 hectars of the country's alvars as part of the Natura 2000 network.〔Kadri Ratt ("Haruldased loopealsed on hävinemas" ), ''Postimees'', 11-14-2010. Retrieved 11-14-2010. 〕 * *Vardi Nature Reserve in Rapla County is an Estonian nature reserve especially designated to protect one of the more representative alvar areas of Estonia. *England * *Cumbria and North Yorkshire - under protection in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan *Ireland * *The Burren, a large alvar in northwest County Clare 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alvar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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