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Amalek
Amalek () occurs in the Hebrew Bible and may refer to the grandson of Esau, the descendant nation of ''Amalekites'', and the territories of Amalek which they inhabited.
According to the Book of Genesis and 1 Chronicles, Amalek was the son of Eliphaz and the concubine Timna. Timna was a Horite and sister of Lotan. Amalek appears in the genealogy of Esau (Gen. 36:12; 1 Chr. 1:36) who was the chief of an Edomite tribe (Gen. 36:16). Amalek is described as the "chief of Amalek" in Genesis 36:16, in which it is surmised that he ruled a clan or territory named after him. In the chant of Balaam at Numbers, 24:20, Amalek was called the 'first of the nations', attesting to high antiquity.〔J. Macpherson, ('Amalek' in James Hastings,(ed.) ''A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume I (Part I: A -- Cyrus), Volume 1,'' ) University Press of the Pacific, Honolulu, (1898) 2004, pp.77-79,p.77.〕 Rashi states: He was the first of all of them (the other nations) to war against Israel (when they came out of Egypt).〔Rashi ()〕 Josephus refers to Amalek as a 'bastard' (νόθος), though in a derogative sense.〔Louis H. Feldman, ('"Remember Amalek!": Vengeance, Zealotry, and Group Destruction in the Bible According to Philo, Pseudo-Philo, and Josephus,'' ) Hebrew Union College Press, 2004 pp.8-9〕
In the Hebrew Bible, the Amalekites were a nomadic, or seminomadic people who inhabited ancient Israel. They are commonly considered to be Amalek's descendants through the genealogy of Esau. This is probably based on the association of this tribal group with the steppe region of the Negev and the area of Kadesh (Genesis 14:7). As a people, the Amalekites are identified as a recurrent enemy of the Israelites.
==Etymology of Amalek==
''Amalek'' may mean "dweller in the valley", or possibly "war-like", "people of prey", "cave-men".〔Z'ev ben Shimon Halevi, (''Kabbalah and Exodus ),''Weiser Books 1988 p.101.〕 In some rabbinical interpretations, Amalek is etymologised as a people ''am'', who ''lick'' blood,〔David Patterson, (''A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad,'' ) Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp.43,244.〕 but most specialists regard the origin to be unknown.〔M. Weippert, Semitische Nomaden des zweiten Jahrtausends. ''Biblica'' vol. 55, 1974, 265-280, 427-433〕 In Arabic, the corresponding term for the Biblical Amalek is ''Imlīq'', whose descendants ''Al-′Amālīq'' were early residents of the ''ḥaram'' at Mecca, later supplanted by the Banu Jurhum, and formed one of the first tribes of ancient Arabia to speak Arabic.〔Elise W. Crosby,Ubayd ibn Sharīyah, (''The History, Poetry, and Genealogy of the Yemen: The Akhbar of Abid B. Sharya Al-Jurhumi.'' ) Gorgias Press LLC, 2007 p.81 n.65 Imlīq is a back-formation from Amālīq, which was considered to be a broken Arabic plural.〕
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