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Amorphous solid
In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous (from the Greek ''a'', without, ''morphé'', shape, form) or non-crystalline solid is a solid that lacks the long-range order characteristic of a crystal. In some older books, the term has been used synonymously with glass. Nowadays, "amorphous solid" is considered to be the overarching concept, and glass the more special case: A glass is an amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition.〔J. Zarzycki: Les verres et l'état vitreux. Paris: Masson 1982. English translation available.〕 Polymers are often amorphous. Other types of amorphous solids include gels, thin films, and nanostructured materials such as glass.
Amorphous materials have an internal structure made of interconnected structural blocks. Whether a material is liquid or solid depends primarily on the connectivity between its elementary building blocks so that solids are characterized by a high degree of connectivity whereas structural blocks in fluids have lower connectivity (see figure on amorphous material states).〔M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee. Connectivity and glass transition in disordered oxide systems. J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 356, 2534-2540 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.05.012〕
==Nano-structured materials==
Even amorphous materials have some shortrange order at the atomic length scale due to the nature of chemical bonding (see structure of liquids and glasses for more information on non-crystalline material structure). Furthermore, in very small crystals a large fraction of the atoms are
the crystal; relaxation of the surface and interfacial effects distort the atomic positions, decreasing the structural order. Even the most advanced structural characterization techniques, such as x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, have difficulty in distinguishing between amorphous and crystalline structures on these length scales.
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