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Amphistomiasis
Amphistomiasis or paramphistomiasis (alternatively spelled amphistomosis or paramphistomosis) is a parasitic disease of livestock animals, more commonly of cattle and sheep, and humans caused by immature helminthic flatworms belonging to the order Echinostomida. The term amphistomiasis is used for broader connotation implying the disease inflicted by members of Echinostomida including the family Paramphistomidae/Gastrodiscidae (to be precise, the species ''Gastrodiscoides hominis''); whereas paramphistomiasis is restricted to that of the members of the family Paramphistomatidae only. ''G. discoides'' and ''Watsonius watsoni'' are responsible for the disease in humans, while most paramphistomes are responsible in livestock animals, and some wild mammals. In livestock industry the disease causes heavy economic backlashes due to poor production of milk, meat and wool.
==Etiology==
Amphistomiasis in farm and wild mammals is due to infection of paramphistomes, such as the species of ''Paramphistomum'', ''Calicophoron'', ''Cotylophoron'', ''Pseudophisthodiscus'', etc. These are essentially rumen flukes, of which ''Paramphistomum cervi'' is the most notorious in terms of prevalence and pathogenicity. Infection occurs through ingestion of contaminated vegetables and raw meat, in which the viable infective metacercaria are deposited from snails, which are the intermediate hosts. The immature flukes are responsible for destroying the mucosal walls of the alimentary tract on their way to growing into adults. It is by this fervent tissue obliteration that the clinical symptoms are manifested. The adult flukes, on the other hand, are quite harmless, as they merely prepare for reproduction.
The zoonotic infection in human is caused by ''G. discoides'' and ''W. watsoni'' which are essentially intestinal flukes. The disease due to ''G. discoides'' is more specifically termed gastrodiscoidiasis. In their natural hosts such as pigs and monkeys, their infection in asymptomatic, but human infection is prevalent, by which they cause serious health problems, characterised by diarrhoea, fever, abdominal pain, colic, and an increased mucous production. In extreme situations such as in Assam, India, a number of mortality among children is attributed to this disease.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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