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Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by a rickettsial parasite of ruminants, ''Anaplasma'' spp. The microorganism is gram-negative and occurs in the red blood cells. It is transmitted by natural means through a number of haematophagous species of ticks. Anaplasmosis can also be transmitted iatrogenically by the use of surgical, dehorning, castration, and tattoo instruments and hypodermic needles that are not disinfected between uses. Although the term is often associated with animal infection, it is also used to describe infection in humans. ==Distribution== In the United States, anaplasmosis is notably present in the south and west where the tick hosts ''Ixodes'' spp. are found. It is also a seemingly increasing antibody in humans in Europe.〔 Although vaccines have been developed, none are currently available in the United States. Early in the 20th century, this disease was considered one of major economic consequence in the western United States. In the 1980s and 1990s, control of ticks through new acaricides and practical treatment with prolonged-action antibiotics, notably tetracycline, has led to the point where the disease is no longer considered a major problem. Cases of coinfection with tick-borne microorganisms are being increasingly reported in the last decade,〔Paul D. Mitchell, * Kurt D. Reed, and Jeanie M. Hofkes “Immunoserologic Evidence of Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and Human Granulocytic Ehrlichia Species in Residents of Wisconsin and Minnesota” // Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, Mar. 1996, p. 724–727.〕〔Micha Loebermann, Volker Fingerle, Matthias Lademann, Carlos Fritzsche, Emil C. Reisinger “Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum Coinfection” // Emerging Infectious Diseases, Feb, 2006.〕〔Walid MS, Ajjan M, Patel N: Borreliosis And Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Coinfection With Positive Rheumatoid Factor And Monospot Test: Case-Report. The Internet Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007; Volume 6, Number 1.〕 perhaps explaining the variable manifestations and clinical responses noted in some patients with tick-transmitted diseases. In such clinical settings, laboratory testing for coinfection is indicated to ensure that appropriate antimicrobial treatment is given. In 2005, ''Anaplasma ovis'' was found in reindeer populations in Mongolia.〔Haigh J, Gerwing V, Erdenebaatar J, Hill J. 2008. A novel clinical syndrome and detection of Anaplasma ovis in Mongolian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). J Wildlife Dis 44(3): 569–577.〕 This pathogen and its associated syndrome (characterized by lethargy, fever and pale mucous membranes) was previously only observed in wild sheep and goats in the region, and is the first observed event of ''A. ovis'' in reindeer. In Australia, bovine anaplasmosis, caused by ''Anaplasma marginale'', is only found in the northern and eastern parts of Australia where the cattle tick is present. It was probably introduced as early as 1829 by cattle from Indonesia infested with the cattle tick ''Boophilus microplus''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anaplasmosis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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