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The Anglo–Iraqi War was the British campaign against the rebel government of Rashid Ali in the Kingdom of Iraq during the Second World War. Operations lasted from 2 to 31 May 1941. The campaign resulted in the re-occupation of Iraq by British armed forces and the return to power of the ousted pro-British regent of Iraq, Prince 'Abd al-Ilah. The campaign further fuelled Iraqi nationalist resentment toward the British-supported Hashemite monarchy. ==Background== The Kingdom of Iraq (also referred to as Mesopotamia) was governed by the United Kingdom under a League of Nations mandate, the British Mandate of Mesopotamia, until 1932 when Iraq became nominally independent.〔Peretz, p. 107〕 Before granting independence, the United Kingdom concluded the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930. This treaty had several conditions, which included permission to establish military bases for British use〔Peretz, p. 441〕 and provide all facilities for the unrestricted movement of British forces through the country upon request to the Iraqi government.〔Playfair (1954), p. 14〕 The conditions of the treaty were imposed by the United Kingdom to ensure continued control of Iraq's petroleum resources. Many Iraqis resented these conditions and felt that their country and its monarchy were still under the effective control of the British Government.〔Peretz, p. 443〕 However, following 1937, no British troops were left in Iraq and the Iraqi government had become solely responsible for the internal security of the country.〔Playfair (1956), p. 177〕 In accordance with the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, the British Royal Air Force (RAF) had been allowed to retain two bases; RAF Shaibah, near Basra, and RAF Habbaniya, between Ramadi and Fallujah. Air Vice-Marshal H. G. Smart was the commander of RAF Habbaniya〔 and Air Officer Commanding of all RAF forces in Iraq.〔Lyman, p. 18〕 The bases in Iraq had a dual role: protecting Britain's petroleum interests and maintaining a link in the air route between Egypt and India.〔Playfair (1954), p. 15〕 In addition RAF Habbaniya was also a training base〔 and was protected by a small detachment of RAF ground forces and locally raised Iraqi troops.〔 With the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 the Iraqi Government broke off diplomatic relations with Nazi Germany.〔 In March 1940, the nationalist and anti-British Rashid Ali replaced Nuri as-Said as Prime Minister of Iraq. Rashid Ali made covert contacts with German representatives in Ankara and Berlin, though he was not yet an openly pro-Axis supporter.〔Youssef Aboul-Enein, Basil Aboul-Enein, "The Secret War for the Middle East: The Influence of Axis and Allied Intelligence operations During WW2" p51-54. Naval Institute Press, 2013〕 In June 1940, when Fascist Italy joined the war on the side of Germany, the Iraqi government did not break off diplomatic relations, as they had done with Germany.〔 Thus the Italian Legation in Baghdad became the chief centre for Axis propaganda and for fomenting anti-British feeling. In this they were aided by Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, who had been imposed by the British in 1921. The Grand Mufti had fled from Palestine shortly before the outbreak of war and later received asylum in Baghdad.〔Churchill, p. 224〕 In January 1941, there was a political crisis within Iraq and the threat of civil war. Rashid Ali resigned as Prime Minister of Iraq and was replaced by Taha al-Hashimi.〔Playfair (1956), p. 178〕 Public opinion started to change in Iraq as the Italians suffered a series of setbacks in the African and Mediterranean theatre. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anglo-Iraqi War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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