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Angloromani or Anglo-Romani (literally "English Romani"; also known as ''Angloromany'', ''Rummaness'', or ''Pogadi Chib'') is a language combining aspects of English and Romani, which is a language spoken by the Romani people; an ethnic group who trace their origins to the Indian subcontinent. Angloromani is spoken in the UK, Australia, the US and South Africa. 'Anglo-Romani' is a term used to describe usage of words of Romani origin within English conversation. The original Romani language was spoken in England until the late nineteenth century; perhaps a generation longer in Wales. It was replaced by English as the everyday and family language of British Romani, but this does not mean the language disappeared entirely. Words of Romani origin were still used as part of a family-language. Words which are occasionally inserted into English conversation are referred to in linguistic literature on Romani as 'Para-Romani': the selective retention of some Romani-derived vocabulary following the disappearance of Romani as an everyday language of conversation. Anglo-Romani is thus used as an evocative vocabulary rather than a language in the strict sense. It is used within the framework of Gypsy-English conversation and English sentences, with Gypsy specific English grammar and pronunciation, thus: ''The mush was jalling down the drom with his gry''. means 'The man was walking down the road with his horse.'〔(The Romani Project, Manchester )〕 Edinburgh slang also contains a large number of Romani-derived words. A few words, like ''pal'' (originally 'brother'), ''chav'' (originally 'Romanichal boy', cognate with Chavo in Romani proper), ''lollipop'' (originally 'candy apple') have entered common English usage.〔BBC Website ‘Languages of the UK’, 2004.〕 ==Historical documentation of English Romani== Until relatively recently, Anglo-Romani received very little attention from the academic community. However a recent discovery of a document from about the 17th century titled the ''Winchester confessions'' indicates that British Romani was itself a dialect of the northern branch of Romani sharing a close similarity to Welsh Romani.〔Kenrick. Donald. S. (1971) The sociolinguistics of the development of British Romani. In current changes of British Gypsies and their place in international patterns of development. Thomas Action, ed.〕 However, the language in a modern context has deteriorated from the Indic-based vocabulary, morphology, and influences from Greek and other Balkan languages of the seventeenth century to a Para-Romani dialect typical of modern Anglo-Romani with sentence endings influenced by English, while Welsh Romani retains the original grammatical system. Historically, the variants of Welsh and English Romani constituted the same variant of Romani,〔Sampson. J. (1926) ''The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales''. Oxford. Chlarendon Press.〕 share characteristics, and are historically closely related to dialects spoken in France, Germany (Sinti), Scandinavia, Spain, Poland, North Russia and the Baltic states. Such dialects are descended from the first wave of Romani immigrants into western, northern and southern Europe in the late Middle Ages.〔Bakker (1997) Review of McGowan, The Winchester Confessions. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society. Fifth series, 7. (1): 49-50.〕 Few documents survive into modern times, the ''Winchester confessions'' document c.1616 highlights the variant of English Romani and contains a high number of words still used in the modern Northern European Romani dialects and until recently also Welsh Romani;〔Sampson. J. (1926) The Dialect of the Gypsies of Wales. Oxford. Chlarendon Press.〕 Examples include: ''Balovas'' (pig meat bacon), ''Lovina'' (beer, alcohol), ''ruk'' (tree), ''Smentena'' (cream), ''Boba'' (beans) and ''Folaso'' (glove), and all such words occur in all western dialects of Romani, with few English loanwords present.〔Smart B.C. and H.T. Crofton (1875) The Dialect of the English Gypsies. London: Asher & Co.〕 However, the ''Winchester confessions'' document indicates that English grammatical structures were influencing speakers of English Romani (within a London context where the document was sourced) to adopt an (adjective-noun) configuration rather than the (noun-adjective) configuration of other Romani dialects, including modern Welsh Romani. The document suggests a complete separation between Thieves' Cant, and the variant of English Romani of the early 17th century.〔Alan McGowan (1996), The Winchester confessions 1615–1616. Romani and Traveller History Society.〕 This has particular implications when dating the origin and development of Anglo-Romani and its split from Welsh Romani. The author of one such study〔 believes English Romani gradually lost its distinctive syntax, phonology and morphology while other scholars〔Hancock. Ian. F. (1971). Comment on Kenrick. In Proceedings in the research and conference of policy the National Gypsy Council. Thomas action, ed. Oxford national Gypsy education council.〕 believe Anglo-Romani developed relatively quickly after the Romanis' arrival in England in the sixteenth century, in a development similar to the Pidgin or Creole languages.〔 Anglo-Romani was already developing in the seventeenth century although the change from the original English Romani is unclear. The ''Winchester Confessions'' document disproves a sudden morphological change,〔Baaker (2002) An early vocabulary of British Romani (1616): A linguistic analysis. Romani studies 5. vol 12.〕 and lends support to a strict linguistic separation between a Canting language and English Romani whose speakers used a separate and distinct Romani language when speaking amongst themselves. A situation which existed one hundred years later as testified by James Poulter 1775: "the English Gypsies spoke a variant of their own language that none other could understand," indicating the language was distinct from the common "Canting tongue" of England. Romani of that time was a language of everyday communication, of practical use, and not a secret language. The original Romani was used exclusively as a family or clan language, during occasional encounters between various Romani clans. It was not a written language, but more a conversational one, used by families to keep conversations amongst themselves in public places such as markets unintelligible to others. It was not used in any official capacity in schools or administrative matters, and so lacked the vocabulary for these terms. Such terms were simply borrowed from English. However, to keep the language undecipherable to outsiders, the Romani speakers coined new terms that were a combination or variation of the original English terms. For example, a forester is called ''veshengro'', from the Romani word for forest, ''vesh''; a restaurant is a ''habbinkerr'' from the words ''habbin'' , food, and ''kerr'', house, thus literally "food-house"; and a mayor is a ''gavmoosh'', from the words ''gav'', village, town, and ''moosh'', man, literally "town-man". Gradually, the British Romani began to give up their language in favour of English, though they retained much of the vocabulary, which they now use occasionally in English conversation – as Angloromani.〔(BBC Website ‘Languages of the UK’, 2004. )〕 The origins of the Romani language are in India, and the core of the vocabulary and grammar still resemble modern Indic languages like Urdu, Kashmiri, and Punjabi. Linguists have been investigating the dialects of Romani since the second half of the eighteenth century, and although there are no ancient written records of the language, it has been possible to reconstruct the development of Romani from the medieval languages of India to its present forms as spoken in Europe. Although the language remains similar at its core, it is sometimes quite difficult for Romani people from different regions to understand one another if they have not had any exposure to other dialects before. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Angloromani language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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