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Anawrahta Minsaw ((ビルマ語:အနော်ရထာ မင်းစော), ; 11 May 1014 – 11 April 1077) was the founder of the Pagan Empire. Considered the father of the Burmese nation, Anawrahta turned a small principality in the dry zone of Upper Burma into the first Burmese Empire that formed the basis of modern-day Burma (Myanmar).〔Harvey 1925: 34〕〔Htin Aung 1967: 38〕 Historically verifiable Burmese history begins with his accession to the Pagan throne in 1044.〔Coedès 1968: 133, 148–149, 155〕 Anawrahta unified the entire Irrawaddy valley for the first time in history, and placed peripheral regions such as the Shan States and Arakan (Northern Rakhine) under Pagan's suzerainty. He successfully stopped the advance of Khmer Empire into Tenasserim coastline and into Upper Menam valley, making Pagan one of two main kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia. A strict disciplinarian, Anawrahta implemented a series of key social, religious and economic reforms that would have a lasting impact in Burmese history. His social and religious reforms later developed into the modern-day Burmese culture. By building a series of weirs, he turned parched, arid regions around Pagan into the main rice granaries of Upper Burma, giving Upper Burma an enduring economic base from which to dominate the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery in the following centuries. He bequeathed a strong administrative system that all later Pagan kings followed until the dynasty's fall in 1287. The success and longevity of Pagan's dominance over the Irrawaddy valley laid the foundation for the ascent of Burmese language and culture, the spread of Burman ethnicity in Upper Burma. Anawrahta's legacy went far beyond the borders of modern Burma. His embrace of Theravada Buddhism and his success in stopping the advance of Khmer Empire, a Hindu state, provided the Buddhist school, which had been in retreat elsewhere in South and Southeast Asia, a much needed reprieve and a safe shelter. He helped restart Theravada Buddhism in Ceylon, the Buddhist school's original home. The success of Pagan dynasty made Theravada Buddhism's later growth in Lan Na (northern Thailand), Siam (central Thailand), Lan Xang (Laos), and Khmer Empire (Cambodia) in the 13th and 14th centuries possible. Anawrahta is one of the most famous kings in Burmese history. His life stories (legends) are a staple of Burmese folklore and retold in popular literature and theater. ==Early life== :''Prior to Anawrahta, of all the early Pagan kings, only Nyaung-u Sawrahan's reign can be verified independently by stone inscriptions. Anawrahta is the first historical king in that the events during his reign can be verified by stone inscriptions. However, Anawrahta's youth, like much of early Pagan history, is still shrouded in legend, and should be treated as such.〔Kyaw Thet 1962: 40〕〔Aung-Thwin 1985: 21–22〕'' Anawrahta was born Min Saw (, ) to King Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu and Queen Myauk Pyinthe on 11 May 1044.〔(Yazawin Thit 2012: 95, footnote #2) which cites (Bo Lay 1990: 25–28) states that Anawrahta was born on 11 May 1014.〕 The Burmese chronicles do not agree on the dates regarding his life and reign.〔Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347〕 The table below lists the dates given by the four main chronicles. Among the chronicles, scholarship usually accepts ''Zata's'' dates, which are considered to be the most accurate for the Pagan period.〔(Maha Yazawin 2006: 346–349): Among the four major chronicles, only ''Zatadawbon Yazawin's'' dates line up with Anawrahta's inscriptionally verified accession date of 1044 CE. (Aung-Thwin 2005: 121–123): In general, ''Zata'' is considered "the most accurate of all Burmese chronicles, particularly with regard to the best-known Pagan and Ava kings, many of whose dates have been corroborated by epigraphy."〕 Scholarship's dates for Anawrahta's birth, death and reign dates are closest to ''Zata's'' dates. In 1021, when Min Saw was about six years old, his father was deposed by his step-brothers Kyiso and Sokkate.〔(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347): The overthrow of Kunhsaw took place in 1021 per ''Zata'', 971 per ''Maha Yazawin'' and 986 per ''Hmannan'' and ''Yazawin Thit''.〕 His father had been a usurper of the Pagan throne, who overthrew King Nyaung-u Sawrahan two decades earlier.〔(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347): The overthrow of Nyaung-u Sawrahan took place in 1001 per ''Zata'', 950 per ''Maha Yazawin'' and 964 per ''Hmannan'' and ''Yazawin Thit''.〕 Kunhsaw then married three of Nyaung-u's chief queens, two of whom were pregnant at the time, and subsequently gave birth to Kyiso and Sokkate. Kunhsaw had raised Sokkate and Kyiso as his own sons. After the putsch, Kyiso became king and Sokkate became heir-apparent. They forced their step-father to a local monastery, where Kunhsaw would live as a monk for the remainder of his life.〔Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 227–228〕 Min Saw grew up in the shadow of his two step-brothers, who viewed Min Saw as their youngest brother and allowed him to retain his princely status at the court. Min Saw and his mother attended Kunhsaw, and lived nearby the monastery.〔 In 1038, Kyiso died, and was succeeded by Sokkate.〔(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 347): Kyiso died in 1038 per ''Zata'', 977 per ''Maha Yazawin'' and 992 per ''Hmannan'' and ''Yazawin Thit''.〕 Min Saw was loyal to the new king. He took wives, and had at least two sons (Sawlu and Kyansittha) by the early 1040s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anawrahta」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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