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Anthopleurin
Anthopleurin is a toxin from the venom of the sea anemones ''Anthopleura xanthogrammica'' and ''Anthopleura elegantissima''. These anemones use anthopleurin as a pheromone to quickly withdraw their tentacles in the presence of predators. Anthopleurin has four isoforms (Anthopleurin-A, -B, -C, and -Q). Their working mechanism is based on binding to sodium channels, which leads to increased excitation especially in cardiac myocytes.〔Moran Y, Gordon D, Gurevitz M. "Sea anemone toxins affecting voltage-gated sodium channels—molecular and evolutionary features". ''Toxicon'' 2009, 54(8): 1089–1101.〕
==Function in sea anemones==
Anthopleurin functions both as a toxin as well as a pheromone. When a predator approaches the anemone, their reaction is to withdraw their tentacles and oral disc. These are the preferred attack sites for predators, because the concentration of anthopleurin is the lowest in these sites. The body region of the sea-anemone that is exposed to the predator contains the highest concentration of anthopleurin. After consuming the sea-anemone, the predator travels through the water and actually helps to spread the anthopleurin. This functions as an alarm pheromone for the other anemones, so they can hide certain body parts and defend themselves.〔Howe NR, Sheikh YM. "Anthopleurin: a sea anemone alarm pheromone". ''Science'' 1975, 189(4200): 386–8.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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