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Anti-Judaism has been called "a total or partial opposition to Judaism—and to Jews as adherents of it—by persons who accept a competing system of beliefs and practices and consider certain genuine Judaic beliefs and practices as inferior."〔Langmuir (1971, 383),() cited by Abulafia (1998, part II, 77).〕 Others, including Hannah Arendt, consider anti-Judaism distinct from antisemitism, which is based upon racial or ethnic prejudices.〔See, for example: *"Anti-Semitism", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006. *Johnson, Paul. ''A History of the Jews'', HarperPerennial 1988, p 133 ff. *Lewis, Bernard. ("The New Anti-Semitism" ), ''The American Scholar'', Volume 75 No. 1, Winter 2006, pp. 25-36. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on March 24, 2004. *Antisemitism is more commonly used than "religious antisemitism" or "anti-Judaism." The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', for example, defines "antisemitism" to include religious antisemitism: "hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group." ("Anti-Semitism", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2006.) Also see ("Anti-Semitism" ), Merriam-Webster Dictionary.〕 ==Pre-Christian Roman Empire== In Ancient Rome, religion was an integral part of the civil government (see Religion in ancient Rome). Some Emperors were proclaimed gods on Earth, and demanded to be worshiped accordingly〔Lazare, Bernard. ''op cit''. p. 63〕 throughout the Roman Empire. This created religious difficulties for monotheistic Jews and worshipers of Mithras, Sabazius and Early Christians.〔Lazare, Bernard. ''op cit''. p. 64〕 Jews were prohibited by their biblical commandments from worshiping any other god than that of the Torah (see Shema, God in Judaism, Idolatry in Judaism). The ''Crisis under Caligula'' (37-41) has been proposed as the "first open break between Rome and the Jews", even though problems were already evident during the Census of Quirinius in 6 and under Sejanus (before 31).〔H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0674397312, ''The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula'', pages 254-256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the Julio-Claudian empire. Until then — if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the trouble caused by the census after Archelaus' banishment — there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."〕 After the Jewish-Roman wars (66-135), Hadrian changed the name of Iudaea province to ''Syria Palaestina'' and Jerusalem to ''Aelia Capitolina'' in an attempt to erase the historical ties of the Jewish people to the region.〔H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0674397312, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."〕 In addition, after 70, Jews and Jewish Proselytes were only allowed to practice their religion if they paid the Jewish tax, and after 135 were barred from Jerusalem except for the day of Tisha B'Av. Flavius Clemens was put to death for "living a Jewish life" or "drifting into Jewish ways" in the year 95 CE, which may well have been related to the administration of the Jewish tax under Domitian.〔Dio Cassius 67.14.1–2, 68.1.2; ''History of the Jewish People'', H.H. Ben-Sasson editor, page 322: "...Domitian ordered the execution of Flavius Clemens ... for Judaizing tendencies..."〕 The Roman Empire adopted Christianity as its state religion with the Edict of Thessalonica on 27 February 380, see State church of the Roman Empire. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anti-Judaism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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