|
Anti-consumerism is a sociopolitical ideology that is opposed to consumerism, the continual buying and consuming of material possessions. Anti-consumerism is concerned with the private actions of business corporations in pursuit of financial and economic goals at the expense of the public welfare, especially in matters of environmental protection, social stratification, and ethics in the governing of a society. In politics, anti-consumerism overlaps with environmental activism, anti-globalization, and animal-rights activism; moreover, a conceptual variation of anti-consumerism is ''post-consumerism'', living in a material way that transcends consumerism.〔http://www.postconsumers.com〕 Anti-consumerism arose in response to the problems caused by the long-term mistreatment of human consumers and of the animals consumed, and from the incorporation of consumer education to school curricula; examples of anti-consumerism are the book ''No Logo'' (2000) by Naomi Klein, and documentary films such as ''The Corporation'' (2003), by Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbott, and ''Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers'' (2003), by Erik Gandini; each made anti-corporate activism popular as an ideologically accessible form of civil and political action. The criticism of economic materialism as a dehumanizing behaviour that is destructive of the Earth, as human habitat, comes from religion and social activism. The religious criticism asserts that materialist consumerism interferes with the connection between the individual man and woman and god, and so is an inherently immoral style of life; thus the German historian Oswald Spengler (1880–1936) said that "Life in America is exclusively economic in structure, and lacks depth."〔Stearns, Peter. ''Consumerism in World History''. Routledge〕 From the Roman Catholic perspective, Thomas Aquinas said that "Greed is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things"; in that vein, Francis of Assisi, Ammon Hennacy, and Mohandas Gandhi said that spiritual inspiration guided them towards simple living. From the secular perspective, social activism indicates that from consumerist materialism derive crime (which originates from the poverty of economic inequality), industrial pollution and the consequent environmental degradation, and war as a business. About the societal discontent born of malaise and hedonism, Pope Benedict XVI said that the philosophy of materialism offers no ''raison d'être'' for human existence;〔Web log. 17 July 2008. http://babs22.wordpress.com/2008/07/17/australia-pope-attacks-consumerism/〕 likewise, the writer Georges Duhamel said that "American materialism () a beacon of mediocrity that threatened to eclipse French civilization".〔 ==Background== Anti-consumerism originated from criticism of consumption, starting with Thorstein Veblen, who, in the book ''The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions'' (1899), indicated that consumerism dates from the cradle of civilization. The term ''consumerism'' also denotes economic policies associated with Keynesian economics, and the belief that the free choice of consumers should dictate the economic structure of a society. (cf. producerism) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anti-consumerism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|